// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

package com.google.protobuf;

import static com.google.protobuf.Internal.checkNotNull;

import com.google.protobuf.DescriptorProtos.*;
import com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FileDescriptor.Syntax;
import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.WeakHashMap;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

/**
 * Contains a collection of classes which describe protocol message types.
 *
 * Every message type has a {@link Descriptor}, which lists all
 * its fields and other information about a type.  You can get a message
 * type's descriptor by calling {@code MessageType.getDescriptor()}, or
 * (given a message object of the type) {@code message.getDescriptorForType()}.
 * Furthermore, each message is associated with a {@link FileDescriptor} for
 * a relevant {@code .proto} file. You can obtain it by calling
 * {@code Descriptor.getFile()}. A {@link FileDescriptor} contains descriptors
 * for all the messages defined in that file, and file descriptors for all the
 * imported {@code .proto} files.
 *
 * Descriptors are built from DescriptorProtos, as defined in
 * {@code google/protobuf/descriptor.proto}.
 *
 * @author kenton@google.com Kenton Varda
 */
public final class Descriptors {
  private static final Logger logger =
      Logger.getLogger(Descriptors.class.getName());
  /**
   * Describes a {@code .proto} file, including everything defined within.
   * That includes, in particular, descriptors for all the messages and
   * file descriptors for all other imported {@code .proto} files
   * (dependencies).
   */
  public static final class FileDescriptor extends GenericDescriptor {
    /** Convert the descriptor to its protocol message representation. */
    @Override
    public FileDescriptorProto toProto() {
      return proto;
    }

    /** Get the file name. */
    @Override
    public String getName() {
      return proto.getName();
    }

    /** Returns this object. */
    @Override
    public FileDescriptor getFile() {
      return this;
    }

    /** Returns the same as getName(). */
    @Override
    public String getFullName() {
      return proto.getName();
    }

    /**
     * Get the proto package name.  This is the package name given by the
     * {@code package} statement in the {@code .proto} file, which differs
     * from the Java package.
     */
    public String getPackage() { return proto.getPackage(); }

    /** Get the {@code FileOptions}, defined in {@code descriptor.proto}. */
    public FileOptions getOptions() { return proto.getOptions(); }

    /** Get a list of top-level message types declared in this file. */
    public List<Descriptor> getMessageTypes() {
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(messageTypes));
    }

    /** Get a list of top-level enum types declared in this file. */
    public List<EnumDescriptor> getEnumTypes() {
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(enumTypes));
    }

    /** Get a list of top-level services declared in this file. */
    public List<ServiceDescriptor> getServices() {
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(services));
    }

    /** Get a list of top-level extensions declared in this file. */
    public List<FieldDescriptor> getExtensions() {
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(extensions));
    }

    /** Get a list of this file's dependencies (imports). */
    public List<FileDescriptor> getDependencies() {
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(dependencies));
    }

    /** Get a list of this file's public dependencies (public imports). */
    public List<FileDescriptor> getPublicDependencies() {
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(publicDependencies));
    }

    /** The syntax of the .proto file. */
    public enum Syntax {
      UNKNOWN("unknown"),
      PROTO2("proto2"),
      PROTO3("proto3");

      Syntax(String name) {
        this.name = name;
      }
      private final String name;
    }

    /** Get the syntax of the .proto file. */
    public Syntax getSyntax() {
      if (Syntax.PROTO3.name.equals(proto.getSyntax())) {
        return Syntax.PROTO3;
      }
      return Syntax.PROTO2;
    }

    /**
     * Find a message type in the file by name.  Does not find nested types.
     *
     * @param name The unqualified type name to look for.
     * @return The message type's descriptor, or {@code null} if not found.
     */
    public Descriptor findMessageTypeByName(String name) {
      // Don't allow looking up nested types.  This will make optimization
      // easier later.
      if (name.indexOf('.') != -1) {
        return null;
      }
      if (getPackage().length() > 0) {
        name = getPackage() + '.' + name;
      }
      final GenericDescriptor result = pool.findSymbol(name);
      if (result != null && result instanceof Descriptor &&
          result.getFile() == this) {
        return (Descriptor)result;
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    /**
     * Find an enum type in the file by name.  Does not find nested types.
     *
     * @param name The unqualified type name to look for.
     * @return The enum type's descriptor, or {@code null} if not found.
     */
    public EnumDescriptor findEnumTypeByName(String name) {
      // Don't allow looking up nested types.  This will make optimization
      // easier later.
      if (name.indexOf('.') != -1) {
        return null;
      }
      if (getPackage().length() > 0) {
        name = getPackage() + '.' + name;
      }
      final GenericDescriptor result = pool.findSymbol(name);
      if (result != null && result instanceof EnumDescriptor &&
          result.getFile() == this) {
        return (EnumDescriptor)result;
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    /**
     * Find a service type in the file by name.
     *
     * @param name The unqualified type name to look for.
     * @return The service type's descriptor, or {@code null} if not found.
     */
    public ServiceDescriptor findServiceByName(String name) {
      // Don't allow looking up nested types.  This will make optimization
      // easier later.
      if (name.indexOf('.') != -1) {
        return null;
      }
      if (getPackage().length() > 0) {
        name = getPackage() + '.' + name;
      }
      final GenericDescriptor result = pool.findSymbol(name);
      if (result != null && result instanceof ServiceDescriptor &&
          result.getFile() == this) {
        return (ServiceDescriptor)result;
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    /**
     * Find an extension in the file by name.  Does not find extensions nested
     * inside message types.
     *
     * @param name The unqualified extension name to look for.
     * @return The extension's descriptor, or {@code null} if not found.
     */
    public FieldDescriptor findExtensionByName(String name) {
      if (name.indexOf('.') != -1) {
        return null;
      }
      if (getPackage().length() > 0) {
        name = getPackage() + '.' + name;
      }
      final GenericDescriptor result = pool.findSymbol(name);
      if (result != null && result instanceof FieldDescriptor &&
          result.getFile() == this) {
        return (FieldDescriptor)result;
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    /**
     * Construct a {@code FileDescriptor}.
     *
     * @param proto The protocol message form of the FileDescriptor.
     * @param dependencies {@code FileDescriptor}s corresponding to all of
     *                     the file's dependencies.
     * @throws DescriptorValidationException {@code proto} is not a valid
     *           descriptor.  This can occur for a number of reasons, e.g.
     *           because a field has an undefined type or because two messages
     *           were defined with the same name.
     */
    public static FileDescriptor buildFrom(final FileDescriptorProto proto,
                                           final FileDescriptor[] dependencies)
                                    throws DescriptorValidationException {
      return buildFrom(proto, dependencies, false);
    }


    /**
     * Construct a {@code FileDescriptor}.
     *
     * @param proto The protocol message form of the FileDescriptor.
     * @param dependencies {@code FileDescriptor}s corresponding to all of
     *                     the file's dependencies.
     * @param allowUnknownDependencies If true, non-exist dependenncies will be
     *           ignored and undefined message types will be replaced with a
     *           placeholder type.
     * @throws DescriptorValidationException {@code proto} is not a valid
     *           descriptor.  This can occur for a number of reasons, e.g.
     *           because a field has an undefined type or because two messages
     *           were defined with the same name.
     */
    public static FileDescriptor buildFrom(
        final FileDescriptorProto proto, final FileDescriptor[] dependencies,
        final boolean allowUnknownDependencies)
        throws DescriptorValidationException {
      // Building descriptors involves two steps:  translating and linking.
      // In the translation step (implemented by FileDescriptor's
      // constructor), we build an object tree mirroring the
      // FileDescriptorProto's tree and put all of the descriptors into the
      // DescriptorPool's lookup tables.  In the linking step, we look up all
      // type references in the DescriptorPool, so that, for example, a
      // FieldDescriptor for an embedded message contains a pointer directly
      // to the Descriptor for that message's type.  We also detect undefined
      // types in the linking step.
      final DescriptorPool pool = new DescriptorPool(
          dependencies, allowUnknownDependencies);
      final FileDescriptor result = new FileDescriptor(
          proto, dependencies, pool, allowUnknownDependencies);
      result.crossLink();
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * This method is to be called by generated code only.  It is equivalent
     * to {@code buildFrom} except that the {@code FileDescriptorProto} is
     * encoded in protocol buffer wire format.
     */
    public static void internalBuildGeneratedFileFrom(
        final String[] descriptorDataParts,
        final FileDescriptor[] dependencies,
        final InternalDescriptorAssigner descriptorAssigner) {
      // Hack:  We can't embed a raw byte array inside generated Java code
      //   (at least, not efficiently), but we can embed Strings.  So, the
      //   protocol compiler embeds the FileDescriptorProto as a giant
      //   string literal which is passed to this function to construct the
      //   file's FileDescriptor.  The string literal contains only 8-bit
      //   characters, each one representing a byte of the FileDescriptorProto's
      //   serialized form.  So, if we convert it to bytes in ISO-8859-1, we
      //   should get the original bytes that we want.

      // descriptorData may contain multiple strings in order to get around the
      // Java 64k string literal limit.
      StringBuilder descriptorData = new StringBuilder();
      for (String part : descriptorDataParts) {
        descriptorData.append(part);
      }

      final byte[] descriptorBytes;
      descriptorBytes = descriptorData.toString().getBytes(Internal.ISO_8859_1);

      FileDescriptorProto proto;
      try {
        proto = FileDescriptorProto.parseFrom(descriptorBytes);
      } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
          "Failed to parse protocol buffer descriptor for generated code.", e);
      }

      final FileDescriptor result;
      try {
        // When building descriptors for generated code, we allow unknown
        // dependencies by default.
        result = buildFrom(proto, dependencies, true);
      } catch (DescriptorValidationException e) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
          "Invalid embedded descriptor for \"" + proto.getName() + "\".", e);
      }

      final ExtensionRegistry registry =
          descriptorAssigner.assignDescriptors(result);

      if (registry != null) {
        // We must re-parse the proto using the registry.
        try {
          proto = FileDescriptorProto.parseFrom(descriptorBytes, registry);
        } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
          throw new IllegalArgumentException(
            "Failed to parse protocol buffer descriptor for generated code.",
            e);
        }

        result.setProto(proto);
      }
    }

    /**
     * This method is to be called by generated code only.  It uses Java
     * reflection to load the dependencies' descriptors.
     */
    public static void internalBuildGeneratedFileFrom(
        final String[] descriptorDataParts,
        final Class<?> descriptorOuterClass,
        final String[] dependencies,
        final String[] dependencyFileNames,
        final InternalDescriptorAssigner descriptorAssigner) {
      List<FileDescriptor> descriptors = new ArrayList<FileDescriptor>();
      for (int i = 0; i < dependencies.length; i++) {
        try {
          Class<?> clazz =
              descriptorOuterClass.getClassLoader().loadClass(dependencies[i]);
          descriptors.add(
              (FileDescriptor) clazz.getField("descriptor").get(null));
        } catch (Exception e) {
          // We allow unknown dependencies by default. If a dependency cannot
          // be found we only generate a warning.
          logger.warning("Descriptors for \"" + dependencyFileNames[i] +
              "\" can not be found.");
        }
      }
      FileDescriptor[] descriptorArray = new FileDescriptor[descriptors.size()];
      descriptors.toArray(descriptorArray);
      internalBuildGeneratedFileFrom(
          descriptorDataParts, descriptorArray, descriptorAssigner);
    }

    /**
     * This method is to be called by generated code only.  It is used to
     * update the FileDescriptorProto associated with the descriptor by
     * parsing it again with the given ExtensionRegistry. This is needed to
     * recognize custom options.
     */
    public static void internalUpdateFileDescriptor(
        final FileDescriptor descriptor,
        final ExtensionRegistry registry) {
      ByteString bytes = descriptor.proto.toByteString();
      FileDescriptorProto proto;
      try {
        proto = FileDescriptorProto.parseFrom(bytes, registry);
      } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
          "Failed to parse protocol buffer descriptor for generated code.", e);
      }
      descriptor.setProto(proto);
    }

    /**
     * This class should be used by generated code only.  When calling
     * {@link FileDescriptor#internalBuildGeneratedFileFrom}, the caller
     * provides a callback implementing this interface.  The callback is called
     * after the FileDescriptor has been constructed, in order to assign all
     * the global variables defined in the generated code which point at parts
     * of the FileDescriptor.  The callback returns an ExtensionRegistry which
     * contains any extensions which might be used in the descriptor -- that
     * is, extensions of the various "Options" messages defined in
     * descriptor.proto.  The callback may also return null to indicate that
     * no extensions are used in the descriptor.
     */
    public interface InternalDescriptorAssigner {
      ExtensionRegistry assignDescriptors(FileDescriptor root);
    }

    private FileDescriptorProto proto;
    private final Descriptor[] messageTypes;
    private final EnumDescriptor[] enumTypes;
    private final ServiceDescriptor[] services;
    private final FieldDescriptor[] extensions;
    private final FileDescriptor[] dependencies;
    private final FileDescriptor[] publicDependencies;
    private final DescriptorPool pool;

    private FileDescriptor(final FileDescriptorProto proto,
                           final FileDescriptor[] dependencies,
                           final DescriptorPool pool,
                           boolean allowUnknownDependencies)
                    throws DescriptorValidationException {
      this.pool = pool;
      this.proto = proto;
      this.dependencies = dependencies.clone();
      HashMap<String, FileDescriptor> nameToFileMap =
          new HashMap<String, FileDescriptor>();
      for (FileDescriptor file : dependencies) {
        nameToFileMap.put(file.getName(), file);
      }
      List<FileDescriptor> publicDependencies = new ArrayList<FileDescriptor>();
      for (int i = 0; i < proto.getPublicDependencyCount(); i++) {
        int index = proto.getPublicDependency(i);
        if (index < 0 || index >= proto.getDependencyCount()) {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
              "Invalid public dependency index.");
        }
        String name = proto.getDependency(index);
        FileDescriptor file = nameToFileMap.get(name);
        if (file == null) {
          if (!allowUnknownDependencies) {
            throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
                "Invalid public dependency: " + name);
          }
          // Ignore unknown dependencies.
        } else {
          publicDependencies.add(file);
        }
      }
      this.publicDependencies = new FileDescriptor[publicDependencies.size()];
      publicDependencies.toArray(this.publicDependencies);

      pool.addPackage(getPackage(), this);

      messageTypes = new Descriptor[proto.getMessageTypeCount()];
      for (int i = 0; i < proto.getMessageTypeCount(); i++) {
        messageTypes[i] =
          new Descriptor(proto.getMessageType(i), this, null, i);
      }

      enumTypes = new EnumDescriptor[proto.getEnumTypeCount()];
      for (int i = 0; i < proto.getEnumTypeCount(); i++) {
        enumTypes[i] = new EnumDescriptor(proto.getEnumType(i), this, null, i);
      }

      services = new ServiceDescriptor[proto.getServiceCount()];
      for (int i = 0; i < proto.getServiceCount(); i++) {
        services[i] = new ServiceDescriptor(proto.getService(i), this, i);
      }

      extensions = new FieldDescriptor[proto.getExtensionCount()];
      for (int i = 0; i < proto.getExtensionCount(); i++) {
        extensions[i] = new FieldDescriptor(
          proto.getExtension(i), this, null, i, true);
      }
    }

    /**
     * Create a placeholder FileDescriptor for a message Descriptor.
     */
    FileDescriptor(String packageName, Descriptor message)
        throws DescriptorValidationException {
      this.pool = new DescriptorPool(new FileDescriptor[0], true);
      this.proto = FileDescriptorProto.newBuilder()
          .setName(message.getFullName() + ".placeholder.proto")
          .setPackage(packageName).addMessageType(message.toProto()).build();
      this.dependencies = new FileDescriptor[0];
      this.publicDependencies = new FileDescriptor[0];

      messageTypes = new Descriptor[] {message};
      enumTypes = new EnumDescriptor[0];
      services = new ServiceDescriptor[0];
      extensions = new FieldDescriptor[0];

      pool.addPackage(packageName, this);
      pool.addSymbol(message);
    }

    /** Look up and cross-link all field types, etc. */
    private void crossLink() throws DescriptorValidationException {
      for (final Descriptor messageType : messageTypes) {
        messageType.crossLink();
      }

      for (final ServiceDescriptor service : services) {
        service.crossLink();
      }

      for (final FieldDescriptor extension : extensions) {
        extension.crossLink();
      }
    }

    /**
     * Replace our {@link FileDescriptorProto} with the given one, which is
     * identical except that it might contain extensions that weren't present
     * in the original.  This method is needed for bootstrapping when a file
     * defines custom options.  The options may be defined in the file itself,
     * so we can't actually parse them until we've constructed the descriptors,
     * but to construct the descriptors we have to have parsed the descriptor
     * protos.  So, we have to parse the descriptor protos a second time after
     * constructing the descriptors.
     */
    private void setProto(final FileDescriptorProto proto) {
      this.proto = proto;

      for (int i = 0; i < messageTypes.length; i++) {
        messageTypes[i].setProto(proto.getMessageType(i));
      }

      for (int i = 0; i < enumTypes.length; i++) {
        enumTypes[i].setProto(proto.getEnumType(i));
      }

      for (int i = 0; i < services.length; i++) {
        services[i].setProto(proto.getService(i));
      }

      for (int i = 0; i < extensions.length; i++) {
        extensions[i].setProto(proto.getExtension(i));
      }
    }

    boolean supportsUnknownEnumValue() {
      return getSyntax() == Syntax.PROTO3;
    }
  }

  // =================================================================

  /** Describes a message type. */
  public static final class Descriptor extends GenericDescriptor {
    /**
     * Get the index of this descriptor within its parent.  In other words,
     * given a {@link FileDescriptor} {@code file}, the following is true:
     * <pre>
     *   for all i in [0, file.getMessageTypeCount()):
     *     file.getMessageType(i).getIndex() == i
     * </pre>
     * Similarly, for a {@link Descriptor} {@code messageType}:
     * <pre>
     *   for all i in [0, messageType.getNestedTypeCount()):
     *     messageType.getNestedType(i).getIndex() == i
     * </pre>
     */
    public int getIndex() { return index; }

    /** Convert the descriptor to its protocol message representation. */
    @Override
    public DescriptorProto toProto() {
      return proto;
    }

    /** Get the type's unqualified name. */
    @Override
    public String getName() {
      return proto.getName();
    }

    /**
     * Get the type's fully-qualified name, within the proto language's
     * namespace.  This differs from the Java name.  For example, given this
     * {@code .proto}:
     * <pre>
     *   package foo.bar;
     *   option java_package = "com.example.protos"
     *   message Baz {}
     * </pre>
     * {@code Baz}'s full name is "foo.bar.Baz".
     */
    @Override
    public String getFullName() {
      return fullName;
    }

    /** Get the {@link FileDescriptor} containing this descriptor. */
    @Override
    public FileDescriptor getFile() {
      return file;
    }

    /** If this is a nested type, get the outer descriptor, otherwise null. */
    public Descriptor getContainingType() { return containingType; }

    /** Get the {@code MessageOptions}, defined in {@code descriptor.proto}. */
    public MessageOptions getOptions() { return proto.getOptions(); }

    /** Get a list of this message type's fields. */
    public List<FieldDescriptor> getFields() {
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(fields));
    }

    /** Get a list of this message type's oneofs. */
    public List<OneofDescriptor> getOneofs() {
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(oneofs));
    }

    /** Get a list of this message type's extensions. */
    public List<FieldDescriptor> getExtensions() {
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(extensions));
    }

    /** Get a list of message types nested within this one. */
    public List<Descriptor> getNestedTypes() {
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(nestedTypes));
    }

    /** Get a list of enum types nested within this one. */
    public List<EnumDescriptor> getEnumTypes() {
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(enumTypes));
    }

    /** Determines if the given field number is an extension. */
    public boolean isExtensionNumber(final int number) {
      for (final DescriptorProto.ExtensionRange range :
          proto.getExtensionRangeList()) {
        if (range.getStart() <= number && number < range.getEnd()) {
          return true;
        }
      }
      return false;
    }

    /** Determines if the given field number is reserved. */
    public boolean isReservedNumber(final int number) {
      for (final DescriptorProto.ReservedRange range :
          proto.getReservedRangeList()) {
        if (range.getStart() <= number && number < range.getEnd()) {
          return true;
        }
      }
      return false;
    }

    /** Determines if the given field name is reserved. */
    public boolean isReservedName(final String name) {
      checkNotNull(name);
      for (final String reservedName : proto.getReservedNameList()) {
        if (reservedName.equals(name)) {
          return true;
        }
      }
      return false;
    }

    /**
     * Indicates whether the message can be extended.  That is, whether it has
     * any "extensions x to y" ranges declared on it.
     */
    public boolean isExtendable() {
      return proto.getExtensionRangeList().size() != 0;
    }

    /**
     * Finds a field by name.
     * @param name The unqualified name of the field (e.g. "foo").
     * @return The field's descriptor, or {@code null} if not found.
     */
    public FieldDescriptor findFieldByName(final String name) {
      final GenericDescriptor result =
          file.pool.findSymbol(fullName + '.' + name);
      if (result != null && result instanceof FieldDescriptor) {
        return (FieldDescriptor)result;
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    /**
     * Finds a field by field number.
     * @param number The field number within this message type.
     * @return The field's descriptor, or {@code null} if not found.
     */
    public FieldDescriptor findFieldByNumber(final int number) {
      return file.pool.fieldsByNumber.get(
        new DescriptorPool.DescriptorIntPair(this, number));
    }

    /**
     * Finds a nested message type by name.
     * @param name The unqualified name of the nested type (e.g. "Foo").
     * @return The types's descriptor, or {@code null} if not found.
     */
    public Descriptor findNestedTypeByName(final String name) {
      final GenericDescriptor result =
          file.pool.findSymbol(fullName + '.' + name);
      if (result != null && result instanceof Descriptor) {
        return (Descriptor)result;
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    /**
     * Finds a nested enum type by name.
     * @param name The unqualified name of the nested type (e.g. "Foo").
     * @return The types's descriptor, or {@code null} if not found.
     */
    public EnumDescriptor findEnumTypeByName(final String name) {
      final GenericDescriptor result =
          file.pool.findSymbol(fullName + '.' + name);
      if (result != null && result instanceof EnumDescriptor) {
        return (EnumDescriptor)result;
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    private final int index;
    private DescriptorProto proto;
    private final String fullName;
    private final FileDescriptor file;
    private final Descriptor containingType;
    private final Descriptor[] nestedTypes;
    private final EnumDescriptor[] enumTypes;
    private final FieldDescriptor[] fields;
    private final FieldDescriptor[] extensions;
    private final OneofDescriptor[] oneofs;

    // Used to create a placeholder when the type cannot be found.
    Descriptor(final String fullname) throws DescriptorValidationException {
      String name = fullname;
      String packageName = "";
      int pos = fullname.lastIndexOf('.');
      if (pos != -1) {
        name = fullname.substring(pos + 1);
        packageName = fullname.substring(0, pos);
      }
      this.index = 0;
      this.proto = DescriptorProto.newBuilder().setName(name).addExtensionRange(
          DescriptorProto.ExtensionRange.newBuilder().setStart(1)
          .setEnd(536870912).build()).build();
      this.fullName = fullname;
      this.containingType = null;

      this.nestedTypes = new Descriptor[0];
      this.enumTypes = new EnumDescriptor[0];
      this.fields = new FieldDescriptor[0];
      this.extensions = new FieldDescriptor[0];
      this.oneofs = new OneofDescriptor[0];

      // Create a placeholder FileDescriptor to hold this message.
      this.file = new FileDescriptor(packageName, this);
    }

    private Descriptor(final DescriptorProto proto,
                       final FileDescriptor file,
                       final Descriptor parent,
                       final int index)
                throws DescriptorValidationException {
      this.index = index;
      this.proto = proto;
      fullName = computeFullName(file, parent, proto.getName());
      this.file = file;
      containingType = parent;

      oneofs = new OneofDescriptor[proto.getOneofDeclCount()];
      for (int i = 0; i < proto.getOneofDeclCount(); i++) {
        oneofs[i] = new OneofDescriptor(
          proto.getOneofDecl(i), file, this, i);
      }

      nestedTypes = new Descriptor[proto.getNestedTypeCount()];
      for (int i = 0; i < proto.getNestedTypeCount(); i++) {
        nestedTypes[i] = new Descriptor(
          proto.getNestedType(i), file, this, i);
      }

      enumTypes = new EnumDescriptor[proto.getEnumTypeCount()];
      for (int i = 0; i < proto.getEnumTypeCount(); i++) {
        enumTypes[i] = new EnumDescriptor(
          proto.getEnumType(i), file, this, i);
      }

      fields = new FieldDescriptor[proto.getFieldCount()];
      for (int i = 0; i < proto.getFieldCount(); i++) {
        fields[i] = new FieldDescriptor(
          proto.getField(i), file, this, i, false);
      }

      extensions = new FieldDescriptor[proto.getExtensionCount()];
      for (int i = 0; i < proto.getExtensionCount(); i++) {
        extensions[i] = new FieldDescriptor(
          proto.getExtension(i), file, this, i, true);
      }

      for (int i = 0; i < proto.getOneofDeclCount(); i++) {
        oneofs[i].fields = new FieldDescriptor[oneofs[i].getFieldCount()];
        oneofs[i].fieldCount = 0;
      }
      for (int i = 0; i < proto.getFieldCount(); i++) {
        OneofDescriptor oneofDescriptor = fields[i].getContainingOneof();
        if (oneofDescriptor != null) {
          oneofDescriptor.fields[oneofDescriptor.fieldCount++] = fields[i];
        }
      }

      file.pool.addSymbol(this);
    }

    /** Look up and cross-link all field types, etc. */
    private void crossLink() throws DescriptorValidationException {
      for (final Descriptor nestedType : nestedTypes) {
        nestedType.crossLink();
      }

      for (final FieldDescriptor field : fields) {
        field.crossLink();
      }

      for (final FieldDescriptor extension : extensions) {
        extension.crossLink();
      }
    }

    /** See {@link FileDescriptor#setProto}. */
    private void setProto(final DescriptorProto proto) {
      this.proto = proto;

      for (int i = 0; i < nestedTypes.length; i++) {
        nestedTypes[i].setProto(proto.getNestedType(i));
      }

      for (int i = 0; i < oneofs.length; i++) {
        oneofs[i].setProto(proto.getOneofDecl(i));
      }

      for (int i = 0; i < enumTypes.length; i++) {
        enumTypes[i].setProto(proto.getEnumType(i));
      }

      for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
        fields[i].setProto(proto.getField(i));
      }

      for (int i = 0; i < extensions.length; i++) {
        extensions[i].setProto(proto.getExtension(i));
      }
    }
  }

  // =================================================================

  /** Describes a field of a message type. */
  public static final class FieldDescriptor
        extends GenericDescriptor
        implements Comparable<FieldDescriptor>,
                 FieldSet.FieldDescriptorLite<FieldDescriptor> {
    /**
     * Get the index of this descriptor within its parent.
     * @see Descriptors.Descriptor#getIndex()
     */
    public int getIndex() { return index; }

    /** Convert the descriptor to its protocol message representation. */
    @Override
    public FieldDescriptorProto toProto() {
      return proto;
    }

    /** Get the field's unqualified name. */
    @Override
    public String getName() {
      return proto.getName();
    }

    /** Get the field's number. */
    @Override
    public int getNumber() {
      return proto.getNumber();
    }

    /**
     * Get the field's fully-qualified name.
     * @see Descriptors.Descriptor#getFullName()
     */
    @Override
    public String getFullName() {
      return fullName;
    }

    /** Get the JSON name of this field. */
    public String getJsonName() {
      return jsonName;
    }

    /**
     * Get the field's java type.  This is just for convenience.  Every
     * {@code FieldDescriptorProto.Type} maps to exactly one Java type.
     */
    public JavaType getJavaType() { return type.getJavaType(); }

    /** For internal use only. */
    @Override
    public WireFormat.JavaType getLiteJavaType() {
      return getLiteType().getJavaType();
    }

    /** Get the {@code FileDescriptor} containing this descriptor. */
    @Override
    public FileDescriptor getFile() {
      return file;
    }

    /** Get the field's declared type. */
    public Type getType() { return type; }

    /** For internal use only. */
    @Override
    public WireFormat.FieldType getLiteType() {
      return table[type.ordinal()];
    }

    /** For internal use only. */
    public boolean needsUtf8Check() {
      if (type != Type.STRING) {
        return false;
      }
      if (getContainingType().getOptions().getMapEntry()) {
        // Always enforce strict UTF-8 checking for map fields.
        return true;
      }
      if (getFile().getSyntax() == Syntax.PROTO3) {
        return true;
      }
      return getFile().getOptions().getJavaStringCheckUtf8();
    }

    public boolean isMapField() {
      return getType() == Type.MESSAGE && isRepeated()
          && getMessageType().getOptions().getMapEntry();
    }

    // I'm pretty sure values() constructs a new array every time, since there
    // is nothing stopping the caller from mutating the array.  Therefore we
    // make a static copy here.
    private static final WireFormat.FieldType[] table =
        WireFormat.FieldType.values();

    /** Is this field declared required? */
    public boolean isRequired() {
      return proto.getLabel() == FieldDescriptorProto.Label.LABEL_REQUIRED;
    }

    /** Is this field declared optional? */
    public boolean isOptional() {
      return proto.getLabel() == FieldDescriptorProto.Label.LABEL_OPTIONAL;
    }

    /** Is this field declared repeated? */
    @Override
    public boolean isRepeated() {
      return proto.getLabel() == FieldDescriptorProto.Label.LABEL_REPEATED;
    }

    /** Does this field have the {@code [packed = true]} option or is this field
     *  packable in proto3 and not explicitly setted to unpacked?
     */
    @Override
    public boolean isPacked() {
      if (!isPackable()) {
        return false;
      }
      if (getFile().getSyntax() == FileDescriptor.Syntax.PROTO2) {
        return getOptions().getPacked();
      } else {
        return !getOptions().hasPacked() || getOptions().getPacked();
      }
    }

    /** Can this field be packed? i.e. is it a repeated primitive field? */
    public boolean isPackable() {
      return isRepeated() && getLiteType().isPackable();
    }

    /** Returns true if the field had an explicitly-defined default value. */
    public boolean hasDefaultValue() { return proto.hasDefaultValue(); }

    /**
     * Returns the field's default value.  Valid for all types except for
     * messages and groups.  For all other types, the object returned is of
     * the same class that would returned by Message.getField(this).
     */
    public Object getDefaultValue() {
      if (getJavaType() == JavaType.MESSAGE) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
          "FieldDescriptor.getDefaultValue() called on an embedded message " +
          "field.");
      }
      return defaultValue;
    }

    /** Get the {@code FieldOptions}, defined in {@code descriptor.proto}. */
    public FieldOptions getOptions() { return proto.getOptions(); }

    /** Is this field an extension? */
    public boolean isExtension() { return proto.hasExtendee(); }

    /**
     * Get the field's containing type. For extensions, this is the type being
     * extended, not the location where the extension was defined.  See
     * {@link #getExtensionScope()}.
     */
    public Descriptor getContainingType() { return containingType; }

    /** Get the field's containing oneof. */
    public OneofDescriptor getContainingOneof() { return containingOneof; }

    /**
     * For extensions defined nested within message types, gets the outer
     * type.  Not valid for non-extension fields.  For example, consider
     * this {@code .proto} file:
     * <pre>
     *   message Foo {
     *     extensions 1000 to max;
     *   }
     *   extend Foo {
     *     optional int32 baz = 1234;
     *   }
     *   message Bar {
     *     extend Foo {
     *       optional int32 qux = 4321;
     *     }
     *   }
     * </pre>
     * Both {@code baz}'s and {@code qux}'s containing type is {@code Foo}.
     * However, {@code baz}'s extension scope is {@code null} while
     * {@code qux}'s extension scope is {@code Bar}.
     */
    public Descriptor getExtensionScope() {
      if (!isExtension()) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
          "This field is not an extension.");
      }
      return extensionScope;
    }

    /** For embedded message and group fields, gets the field's type. */
    public Descriptor getMessageType() {
      if (getJavaType() != JavaType.MESSAGE) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
          "This field is not of message type.");
      }
      return messageType;
    }

    /** For enum fields, gets the field's type. */
    @Override
    public EnumDescriptor getEnumType() {
      if (getJavaType() != JavaType.ENUM) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
          "This field is not of enum type.");
      }
      return enumType;
    }

    /**
     * Compare with another {@code FieldDescriptor}.  This orders fields in
     * "canonical" order, which simply means ascending order by field number.
     * {@code other} must be a field of the same type -- i.e.
     * {@code getContainingType()} must return the same {@code Descriptor} for
     * both fields.
     *
     * @return negative, zero, or positive if {@code this} is less than,
     *         equal to, or greater than {@code other}, respectively.
     */
    @Override
    public int compareTo(final FieldDescriptor other) {
      if (other.containingType != containingType) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
          "FieldDescriptors can only be compared to other FieldDescriptors " +
          "for fields of the same message type.");
      }
      return getNumber() - other.getNumber();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
      return getFullName();
    }

    private final int index;

    private FieldDescriptorProto proto;
    private final String fullName;
    private final String jsonName;
    private final FileDescriptor file;
    private final Descriptor extensionScope;

    // Possibly initialized during cross-linking.
    private Type type;
    private Descriptor containingType;
    private Descriptor messageType;
    private OneofDescriptor containingOneof;
    private EnumDescriptor enumType;
    private Object defaultValue;

    public enum Type {
      DOUBLE  (JavaType.DOUBLE     ),
      FLOAT   (JavaType.FLOAT      ),
      INT64   (JavaType.LONG       ),
      UINT64  (JavaType.LONG       ),
      INT32   (JavaType.INT        ),
      FIXED64 (JavaType.LONG       ),
      FIXED32 (JavaType.INT        ),
      BOOL    (JavaType.BOOLEAN    ),
      STRING  (JavaType.STRING     ),
      GROUP   (JavaType.MESSAGE    ),
      MESSAGE (JavaType.MESSAGE    ),
      BYTES   (JavaType.BYTE_STRING),
      UINT32  (JavaType.INT        ),
      ENUM    (JavaType.ENUM       ),
      SFIXED32(JavaType.INT        ),
      SFIXED64(JavaType.LONG       ),
      SINT32  (JavaType.INT        ),
      SINT64  (JavaType.LONG       );

      Type(final JavaType javaType) {
        this.javaType = javaType;
      }

      private JavaType javaType;

      public FieldDescriptorProto.Type toProto() {
        return FieldDescriptorProto.Type.forNumber(ordinal() + 1);
      }
      public JavaType getJavaType() { return javaType; }

      public static Type valueOf(final FieldDescriptorProto.Type type) {
        return values()[type.getNumber() - 1];
      }
    }

    static {
      // Refuse to init if someone added a new declared type.
      if (Type.values().length != FieldDescriptorProto.Type.values().length) {
        throw new RuntimeException(""
            + "descriptor.proto has a new declared type but Descriptors.java "
            + "wasn't updated.");
      }
    }

    public enum JavaType {
      INT(0),
      LONG(0L),
      FLOAT(0F),
      DOUBLE(0D),
      BOOLEAN(false),
      STRING(""),
      BYTE_STRING(ByteString.EMPTY),
      ENUM(null),
      MESSAGE(null);

      JavaType(final Object defaultDefault) {
        this.defaultDefault = defaultDefault;
      }

      /**
       * The default default value for fields of this type, if it's a primitive
       * type.  This is meant for use inside this file only, hence is private.
       */
      private final Object defaultDefault;
    }

    // This method should match exactly with the ToJsonName() function in C++
    // descriptor.cc.
    private static String fieldNameToJsonName(String name) {
      StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(name.length());
      boolean isNextUpperCase = false;
      for (int i = 0; i < name.length(); i++) {
        Character ch = name.charAt(i);
        if (ch == '_') {
          isNextUpperCase = true;
        } else if (isNextUpperCase) {
          result.append(Character.toUpperCase(ch));
          isNextUpperCase = false;
        } else {
          result.append(ch);
        }
      }
      return result.toString();
    }

    private FieldDescriptor(final FieldDescriptorProto proto,
                            final FileDescriptor file,
                            final Descriptor parent,
                            final int index,
                            final boolean isExtension)
                     throws DescriptorValidationException {
      this.index = index;
      this.proto = proto;
      fullName = computeFullName(file, parent, proto.getName());
      this.file = file;
      if (proto.hasJsonName()) {
        jsonName = proto.getJsonName();
      } else {
        jsonName = fieldNameToJsonName(proto.getName());
      }

      if (proto.hasType()) {
        type = Type.valueOf(proto.getType());
      }

      if (getNumber() <= 0) {
        throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
          "Field numbers must be positive integers.");
      }

      if (isExtension) {
        if (!proto.hasExtendee()) {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
            "FieldDescriptorProto.extendee not set for extension field.");
        }
        containingType = null;  // Will be filled in when cross-linking
        if (parent != null) {
          extensionScope = parent;
        } else {
          extensionScope = null;
        }

        if (proto.hasOneofIndex()) {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
            "FieldDescriptorProto.oneof_index set for extension field.");
        }
        containingOneof = null;
      } else {
        if (proto.hasExtendee()) {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
            "FieldDescriptorProto.extendee set for non-extension field.");
        }
        containingType = parent;

        if (proto.hasOneofIndex()) {
          if (proto.getOneofIndex() < 0 ||
              proto.getOneofIndex() >= parent.toProto().getOneofDeclCount()) {
            throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
              "FieldDescriptorProto.oneof_index is out of range for type "
              + parent.getName());
          }
          containingOneof = parent.getOneofs().get(proto.getOneofIndex());
          containingOneof.fieldCount++;
        } else {
          containingOneof = null;
        }
        extensionScope = null;
      }

      file.pool.addSymbol(this);
    }

    /** Look up and cross-link all field types, etc. */
    private void crossLink() throws DescriptorValidationException {
      if (proto.hasExtendee()) {
        final GenericDescriptor extendee =
          file.pool.lookupSymbol(proto.getExtendee(), this,
              DescriptorPool.SearchFilter.TYPES_ONLY);
        if (!(extendee instanceof Descriptor)) {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
              '\"' + proto.getExtendee() + "\" is not a message type.");
        }
        containingType = (Descriptor)extendee;

        if (!getContainingType().isExtensionNumber(getNumber())) {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
              '\"' + getContainingType().getFullName() +
              "\" does not declare " + getNumber() +
              " as an extension number.");
        }
      }

      if (proto.hasTypeName()) {
        final GenericDescriptor typeDescriptor =
          file.pool.lookupSymbol(proto.getTypeName(), this,
              DescriptorPool.SearchFilter.TYPES_ONLY);

        if (!proto.hasType()) {
          // Choose field type based on symbol.
          if (typeDescriptor instanceof Descriptor) {
            type = Type.MESSAGE;
          } else if (typeDescriptor instanceof EnumDescriptor) {
            type = Type.ENUM;
          } else {
            throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
                '\"' + proto.getTypeName() + "\" is not a type.");
          }
        }

        if (getJavaType() == JavaType.MESSAGE) {
          if (!(typeDescriptor instanceof Descriptor)) {
            throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
                '\"' + proto.getTypeName() + "\" is not a message type.");
          }
          messageType = (Descriptor)typeDescriptor;

          if (proto.hasDefaultValue()) {
            throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
              "Messages can't have default values.");
          }
        } else if (getJavaType() == JavaType.ENUM) {
          if (!(typeDescriptor instanceof EnumDescriptor)) {
            throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
                '\"' + proto.getTypeName() + "\" is not an enum type.");
          }
          enumType = (EnumDescriptor)typeDescriptor;
        } else {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
            "Field with primitive type has type_name.");
        }
      } else {
        if (getJavaType() == JavaType.MESSAGE ||
            getJavaType() == JavaType.ENUM) {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
            "Field with message or enum type missing type_name.");
        }
      }

      // Only repeated primitive fields may be packed.
      if (proto.getOptions().getPacked() && !isPackable()) {
        throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
          "[packed = true] can only be specified for repeated primitive " +
          "fields.");
      }

      // We don't attempt to parse the default value until here because for
      // enums we need the enum type's descriptor.
      if (proto.hasDefaultValue()) {
        if (isRepeated()) {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
            "Repeated fields cannot have default values.");
        }

        try {
          switch (getType()) {
            case INT32:
            case SINT32:
            case SFIXED32:
              defaultValue = TextFormat.parseInt32(proto.getDefaultValue());
              break;
            case UINT32:
            case FIXED32:
              defaultValue = TextFormat.parseUInt32(proto.getDefaultValue());
              break;
            case INT64:
            case SINT64:
            case SFIXED64:
              defaultValue = TextFormat.parseInt64(proto.getDefaultValue());
              break;
            case UINT64:
            case FIXED64:
              defaultValue = TextFormat.parseUInt64(proto.getDefaultValue());
              break;
            case FLOAT:
              if (proto.getDefaultValue().equals("inf")) {
                defaultValue = Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
              } else if (proto.getDefaultValue().equals("-inf")) {
                defaultValue = Float.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
              } else if (proto.getDefaultValue().equals("nan")) {
                defaultValue = Float.NaN;
              } else {
                defaultValue = Float.valueOf(proto.getDefaultValue());
              }
              break;
            case DOUBLE:
              if (proto.getDefaultValue().equals("inf")) {
                defaultValue = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
              } else if (proto.getDefaultValue().equals("-inf")) {
                defaultValue = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
              } else if (proto.getDefaultValue().equals("nan")) {
                defaultValue = Double.NaN;
              } else {
                defaultValue = Double.valueOf(proto.getDefaultValue());
              }
              break;
            case BOOL:
              defaultValue = Boolean.valueOf(proto.getDefaultValue());
              break;
            case STRING:
              defaultValue = proto.getDefaultValue();
              break;
            case BYTES:
              try {
                defaultValue =
                  TextFormat.unescapeBytes(proto.getDefaultValue());
              } catch (TextFormat.InvalidEscapeSequenceException e) {
                throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
                  "Couldn't parse default value: " + e.getMessage(), e);
              }
              break;
            case ENUM:
              defaultValue = enumType.findValueByName(proto.getDefaultValue());
              if (defaultValue == null) {
                throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
                  "Unknown enum default value: \"" +
                  proto.getDefaultValue() + '\"');
              }
              break;
            case MESSAGE:
            case GROUP:
              throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
                "Message type had default value.");
          }
        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
              "Could not parse default value: \"" +
              proto.getDefaultValue() + '\"', e);
        }
      } else {
        // Determine the default default for this field.
        if (isRepeated()) {
          defaultValue = Collections.emptyList();
        } else {
          switch (getJavaType()) {
            case ENUM:
              // We guarantee elsewhere that an enum type always has at least
              // one possible value.
              defaultValue = enumType.getValues().get(0);
              break;
            case MESSAGE:
              defaultValue = null;
              break;
            default:
              defaultValue = getJavaType().defaultDefault;
              break;
          }
        }
      }

      if (!isExtension()) {
        file.pool.addFieldByNumber(this);
      }

      if (containingType != null &&
          containingType.getOptions().getMessageSetWireFormat()) {
        if (isExtension()) {
          if (!isOptional() || getType() != Type.MESSAGE) {
            throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
              "Extensions of MessageSets must be optional messages.");
          }
        } else {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
            "MessageSets cannot have fields, only extensions.");
        }
      }
    }

    /** See {@link FileDescriptor#setProto}. */
    private void setProto(final FieldDescriptorProto proto) {
      this.proto = proto;
    }

    /**
     * For internal use only.  This is to satisfy the FieldDescriptorLite
     * interface.
     */
    @Override
    public MessageLite.Builder internalMergeFrom(MessageLite.Builder to, MessageLite from) {
      // FieldDescriptors are only used with non-lite messages so we can just
      // down-cast and call mergeFrom directly.
      return ((Message.Builder) to).mergeFrom((Message) from);
    }

  }

  // =================================================================

  /** Describes an enum type. */
  public static final class EnumDescriptor extends GenericDescriptor
      implements Internal.EnumLiteMap<EnumValueDescriptor> {
    /**
     * Get the index of this descriptor within its parent.
     * @see Descriptors.Descriptor#getIndex()
     */
    public int getIndex() { return index; }

    /** Convert the descriptor to its protocol message representation. */
    @Override
    public EnumDescriptorProto toProto() {
      return proto;
    }

    /** Get the type's unqualified name. */
    @Override
    public String getName() {
      return proto.getName();
    }

    /**
     * Get the type's fully-qualified name.
     * @see Descriptors.Descriptor#getFullName()
     */
    @Override
    public String getFullName() {
      return fullName;
    }

    /** Get the {@link FileDescriptor} containing this descriptor. */
    @Override
    public FileDescriptor getFile() {
      return file;
    }

    /** If this is a nested type, get the outer descriptor, otherwise null. */
    public Descriptor getContainingType() { return containingType; }

    /** Get the {@code EnumOptions}, defined in {@code descriptor.proto}. */
    public EnumOptions getOptions() { return proto.getOptions(); }

    /** Get a list of defined values for this enum. */
    public List<EnumValueDescriptor> getValues() {
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(values));
    }

    /**
     * Find an enum value by name.
     * @param name The unqualified name of the value (e.g. "FOO").
     * @return the value's descriptor, or {@code null} if not found.
     */
    public EnumValueDescriptor findValueByName(final String name) {
      final GenericDescriptor result =
          file.pool.findSymbol(fullName + '.' + name);
      if (result != null && result instanceof EnumValueDescriptor) {
        return (EnumValueDescriptor)result;
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    /**
     * Find an enum value by number.  If multiple enum values have the same
     * number, this returns the first defined value with that number.
     * @param number The value's number.
     * @return the value's descriptor, or {@code null} if not found.
     */
    @Override
    public EnumValueDescriptor findValueByNumber(final int number) {
      return file.pool.enumValuesByNumber.get(
        new DescriptorPool.DescriptorIntPair(this, number));
    }

    /**
     * Get the enum value for a number. If no enum value has this number,
     * construct an EnumValueDescriptor for it.
     */
    public EnumValueDescriptor findValueByNumberCreatingIfUnknown(final int number) {
      EnumValueDescriptor result = findValueByNumber(number);
      if (result != null) {
        return result;
      }
      // The number represents an unknown enum value.
      synchronized (this) {
        // Descriptors are compared by object identity so for the same number
        // we need to return the same EnumValueDescriptor object. This means
        // we have to store created EnumValueDescriptors. However, as there
        // are potentially 2G unknown enum values, storing all of these
        // objects persistently will consume lots of memory for long-running
        // services and it's also unnecessary as not many EnumValueDescriptors
        // will be used at the same time.
        //
        // To solve the problem we take advantage of Java's weak references and
        // rely on gc to release unused descriptors.
        //
        // Here is how it works:
        //   * We store unknown EnumValueDescriptors in a WeakHashMap with the
        //     value being a weak reference to the descriptor.
        //   * The descriptor holds a strong reference to the key so as long
        //     as the EnumValueDescriptor is in use, the key will be there
        //     and the corresponding map entry will be there. Following-up
        //     queries with the same number will return the same descriptor.
        //   * If the user no longer uses an unknown EnumValueDescriptor,
        //     it will be gc-ed since we only hold a weak reference to it in
        //     the map. The key in the corresponding map entry will also be
        //     gc-ed as the only strong reference to it is in the descriptor
        //     which is just gc-ed. With the key being gone WeakHashMap will
        //     then remove the whole entry. This way unknown descriptors will
        //     be freed automatically and we don't need to do anything to
        //     clean-up unused map entries.

        // Note: We must use "new Integer(number)" here because we don't want
        // these Integer objects to be cached.
        Integer key = new Integer(number);
        WeakReference<EnumValueDescriptor> reference = unknownValues.get(key);
        if (reference != null) {
          result = reference.get();
        }
        if (result == null) {
          result = new EnumValueDescriptor(file, this, key);
          unknownValues.put(key, new WeakReference<EnumValueDescriptor>(result));
        }
      }
      return result;
    }

    // Used in tests only.
    int getUnknownEnumValueDescriptorCount() {
      return unknownValues.size();
    }

    private final int index;
    private EnumDescriptorProto proto;
    private final String fullName;
    private final FileDescriptor file;
    private final Descriptor containingType;
    private EnumValueDescriptor[] values;
    private final WeakHashMap<Integer, WeakReference<EnumValueDescriptor>> unknownValues =
        new WeakHashMap<Integer, WeakReference<EnumValueDescriptor>>();

    private EnumDescriptor(final EnumDescriptorProto proto,
                           final FileDescriptor file,
                           final Descriptor parent,
                           final int index)
                    throws DescriptorValidationException {
      this.index = index;
      this.proto = proto;
      fullName = computeFullName(file, parent, proto.getName());
      this.file = file;
      containingType = parent;

      if (proto.getValueCount() == 0) {
        // We cannot allow enums with no values because this would mean there
        // would be no valid default value for fields of this type.
        throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
          "Enums must contain at least one value.");
      }

      values = new EnumValueDescriptor[proto.getValueCount()];
      for (int i = 0; i < proto.getValueCount(); i++) {
        values[i] = new EnumValueDescriptor(
          proto.getValue(i), file, this, i);
      }

      file.pool.addSymbol(this);
    }

    /** See {@link FileDescriptor#setProto}. */
    private void setProto(final EnumDescriptorProto proto) {
      this.proto = proto;

      for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
        values[i].setProto(proto.getValue(i));
      }
    }
  }

  // =================================================================

  /**
   * Describes one value within an enum type.  Note that multiple defined
   * values may have the same number.  In generated Java code, all values
   * with the same number after the first become aliases of the first.
   * However, they still have independent EnumValueDescriptors.
   */
  public static final class EnumValueDescriptor extends GenericDescriptor
      implements Internal.EnumLite {
    /**
     * Get the index of this descriptor within its parent.
     * @see Descriptors.Descriptor#getIndex()
     */
    public int getIndex() { return index; }

    /** Convert the descriptor to its protocol message representation. */
    @Override
    public EnumValueDescriptorProto toProto() {
      return proto;
    }

    /** Get the value's unqualified name. */
    @Override
    public String getName() {
      return proto.getName();
    }

    /** Get the value's number. */
    @Override
    public int getNumber() {
      return proto.getNumber();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() { return proto.getName(); }

    /**
     * Get the value's fully-qualified name.
     * @see Descriptors.Descriptor#getFullName()
     */
    @Override
    public String getFullName() {
      return fullName;
    }

    /** Get the {@link FileDescriptor} containing this descriptor. */
    @Override
    public FileDescriptor getFile() {
      return file;
    }

    /** Get the value's enum type. */
    public EnumDescriptor getType() { return type; }

    /**
     * Get the {@code EnumValueOptions}, defined in {@code descriptor.proto}.
     */
    public EnumValueOptions getOptions() { return proto.getOptions(); }

    private final int index;
    private EnumValueDescriptorProto proto;
    private final String fullName;
    private final FileDescriptor file;
    private final EnumDescriptor type;

    private EnumValueDescriptor(final EnumValueDescriptorProto proto,
                                final FileDescriptor file,
                                final EnumDescriptor parent,
                                final int index)
                         throws DescriptorValidationException {
      this.index = index;
      this.proto = proto;
      this.file = file;
      type = parent;

      fullName = parent.getFullName() + '.' + proto.getName();

      file.pool.addSymbol(this);
      file.pool.addEnumValueByNumber(this);
    }

    private Integer number;
    // Create an unknown enum value.
    private EnumValueDescriptor(
        final FileDescriptor file,
        final EnumDescriptor parent,
        final Integer number) {
      String name = "UNKNOWN_ENUM_VALUE_" + parent.getName() + "_" + number;
      EnumValueDescriptorProto proto = EnumValueDescriptorProto
          .newBuilder().setName(name).setNumber(number).build();
      this.index = -1;
      this.proto = proto;
      this.file = file;
      this.type = parent;
      this.fullName = parent.getFullName() + '.' + proto.getName();
      this.number = number;

      // Don't add this descriptor into pool.
    }

    /** See {@link FileDescriptor#setProto}. */
    private void setProto(final EnumValueDescriptorProto proto) {
      this.proto = proto;
    }
  }

  // =================================================================

  /** Describes a service type. */
  public static final class ServiceDescriptor extends GenericDescriptor {
    /**
     * Get the index of this descriptor within its parent.
     * * @see Descriptors.Descriptor#getIndex()
     */
    public int getIndex() { return index; }

    /** Convert the descriptor to its protocol message representation. */
    @Override
    public ServiceDescriptorProto toProto() {
      return proto;
    }

    /** Get the type's unqualified name. */
    @Override
    public String getName() {
      return proto.getName();
    }

    /**
     * Get the type's fully-qualified name.
     * @see Descriptors.Descriptor#getFullName()
     */
    @Override
    public String getFullName() {
      return fullName;
    }

    /** Get the {@link FileDescriptor} containing this descriptor. */
    @Override
    public FileDescriptor getFile() {
      return file;
    }

    /** Get the {@code ServiceOptions}, defined in {@code descriptor.proto}. */
    public ServiceOptions getOptions() { return proto.getOptions(); }

    /** Get a list of methods for this service. */
    public List<MethodDescriptor> getMethods() {
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(methods));
    }

    /**
     * Find a method by name.
     * @param name The unqualified name of the method (e.g. "Foo").
     * @return the method's descriptor, or {@code null} if not found.
     */
    public MethodDescriptor findMethodByName(final String name) {
      final GenericDescriptor result =
          file.pool.findSymbol(fullName + '.' + name);
      if (result != null && result instanceof MethodDescriptor) {
        return (MethodDescriptor)result;
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    private final int index;
    private ServiceDescriptorProto proto;
    private final String fullName;
    private final FileDescriptor file;
    private MethodDescriptor[] methods;

    private ServiceDescriptor(final ServiceDescriptorProto proto,
                              final FileDescriptor file,
                              final int index)
                       throws DescriptorValidationException {
      this.index = index;
      this.proto = proto;
      fullName = computeFullName(file, null, proto.getName());
      this.file = file;

      methods = new MethodDescriptor[proto.getMethodCount()];
      for (int i = 0; i < proto.getMethodCount(); i++) {
        methods[i] = new MethodDescriptor(
          proto.getMethod(i), file, this, i);
      }

      file.pool.addSymbol(this);
    }

    private void crossLink() throws DescriptorValidationException {
      for (final MethodDescriptor method : methods) {
        method.crossLink();
      }
    }

    /** See {@link FileDescriptor#setProto}. */
    private void setProto(final ServiceDescriptorProto proto) {
      this.proto = proto;

      for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
        methods[i].setProto(proto.getMethod(i));
      }
    }
  }

  // =================================================================

  /**
   * Describes one method within a service type.
   */
  public static final class MethodDescriptor extends GenericDescriptor {
    /**
     * Get the index of this descriptor within its parent.
     * * @see Descriptors.Descriptor#getIndex()
     */
    public int getIndex() { return index; }

    /** Convert the descriptor to its protocol message representation. */
    @Override
    public MethodDescriptorProto toProto() {
      return proto;
    }

    /** Get the method's unqualified name. */
    @Override
    public String getName() {
      return proto.getName();
    }

    /**
     * Get the method's fully-qualified name.
     * @see Descriptors.Descriptor#getFullName()
     */
    @Override
    public String getFullName() {
      return fullName;
    }

    /** Get the {@link FileDescriptor} containing this descriptor. */
    @Override
    public FileDescriptor getFile() {
      return file;
    }

    /** Get the method's service type. */
    public ServiceDescriptor getService() { return service; }

    /** Get the method's input type. */
    public Descriptor getInputType() { return inputType; }

    /** Get the method's output type. */
    public Descriptor getOutputType() { return outputType; }

    /**
     * Get the {@code MethodOptions}, defined in {@code descriptor.proto}.
     */
    public MethodOptions getOptions() { return proto.getOptions(); }

    private final int index;
    private MethodDescriptorProto proto;
    private final String fullName;
    private final FileDescriptor file;
    private final ServiceDescriptor service;

    // Initialized during cross-linking.
    private Descriptor inputType;
    private Descriptor outputType;

    private MethodDescriptor(final MethodDescriptorProto proto,
                             final FileDescriptor file,
                             final ServiceDescriptor parent,
                             final int index)
                      throws DescriptorValidationException {
      this.index = index;
      this.proto = proto;
      this.file = file;
      service = parent;

      fullName = parent.getFullName() + '.' + proto.getName();

      file.pool.addSymbol(this);
    }

    private void crossLink() throws DescriptorValidationException {
      final GenericDescriptor input =
        file.pool.lookupSymbol(proto.getInputType(), this,
            DescriptorPool.SearchFilter.TYPES_ONLY);
      if (!(input instanceof Descriptor)) {
        throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
            '\"' + proto.getInputType() + "\" is not a message type.");
      }
      inputType = (Descriptor)input;

      final GenericDescriptor output =
        file.pool.lookupSymbol(proto.getOutputType(), this,
            DescriptorPool.SearchFilter.TYPES_ONLY);
      if (!(output instanceof Descriptor)) {
        throw new DescriptorValidationException(this,
            '\"' + proto.getOutputType() + "\" is not a message type.");
      }
      outputType = (Descriptor)output;
    }

    /** See {@link FileDescriptor#setProto}. */
    private void setProto(final MethodDescriptorProto proto) {
      this.proto = proto;
    }
  }

  // =================================================================

  private static String computeFullName(final FileDescriptor file,
                                        final Descriptor parent,
                                        final String name) {
    if (parent != null) {
      return parent.getFullName() + '.' + name;
    } else if (file.getPackage().length() > 0) {
      return file.getPackage() + '.' + name;
    } else {
      return name;
    }
  }

  // =================================================================

  /**
   * All descriptors implement this to make it easier to implement tools like
   * {@code DescriptorPool}.<p>
   *
   * This class is public so that the methods it exposes can be called from
   * outside of this package. However, it should only be subclassed from
   * nested classes of Descriptors.
   */
  public abstract static class GenericDescriptor {
    public abstract Message toProto();
    public abstract String getName();
    public abstract String getFullName();
    public abstract FileDescriptor getFile();
  }

  /**
   * Thrown when building descriptors fails because the source DescriptorProtos
   * are not valid.
   */
  public static class DescriptorValidationException extends Exception {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 5750205775490483148L;

    /** Gets the full name of the descriptor where the error occurred. */
    public String getProblemSymbolName() { return name; }

    /**
     * Gets the protocol message representation of the invalid descriptor.
     */
    public Message getProblemProto() { return proto; }

    /**
     * Gets a human-readable description of the error.
     */
    public String getDescription() { return description; }

    private final String name;
    private final Message proto;
    private final String description;

    private DescriptorValidationException(
        final GenericDescriptor problemDescriptor,
        final String description) {
      super(problemDescriptor.getFullName() + ": " + description);

      // Note that problemDescriptor may be partially uninitialized, so we
      // don't want to expose it directly to the user.  So, we only provide
      // the name and the original proto.
      name = problemDescriptor.getFullName();
      proto = problemDescriptor.toProto();
      this.description = description;
    }

    private DescriptorValidationException(
        final GenericDescriptor problemDescriptor,
        final String description,
        final Throwable cause) {
      this(problemDescriptor, description);
      initCause(cause);
    }

    private DescriptorValidationException(
        final FileDescriptor problemDescriptor,
        final String description) {
      super(problemDescriptor.getName() + ": " + description);

      // Note that problemDescriptor may be partially uninitialized, so we
      // don't want to expose it directly to the user.  So, we only provide
      // the name and the original proto.
      name = problemDescriptor.getName();
      proto = problemDescriptor.toProto();
      this.description = description;
    }
  }

  // =================================================================

  /**
   * A private helper class which contains lookup tables containing all the
   * descriptors defined in a particular file.
   */
  private static final class DescriptorPool {

    /** Defines what subclass of descriptors to search in the descriptor pool.
     */
    enum SearchFilter {
      TYPES_ONLY, AGGREGATES_ONLY, ALL_SYMBOLS
    }

    DescriptorPool(final FileDescriptor[] dependencies,
        boolean allowUnknownDependencies) {
      this.dependencies = new HashSet<FileDescriptor>();
      this.allowUnknownDependencies = allowUnknownDependencies;

      for (int i = 0; i < dependencies.length; i++) {
        this.dependencies.add(dependencies[i]);
        importPublicDependencies(dependencies[i]);
      }

      for (final FileDescriptor dependency : this.dependencies) {
        try {
          addPackage(dependency.getPackage(), dependency);
        } catch (DescriptorValidationException e) {
          // Can't happen, because addPackage() only fails when the name
          // conflicts with a non-package, but we have not yet added any
          // non-packages at this point.
          throw new AssertionError(e);
        }
      }
    }

    /** Find and put public dependencies of the file into dependencies set.*/
    private void importPublicDependencies(final FileDescriptor file) {
      for (FileDescriptor dependency : file.getPublicDependencies()) {
        if (dependencies.add(dependency)) {
          importPublicDependencies(dependency);
        }
      }
    }

    private final Set<FileDescriptor> dependencies;
    private boolean allowUnknownDependencies;

    private final Map<String, GenericDescriptor> descriptorsByName =
      new HashMap<String, GenericDescriptor>();
    private final Map<DescriptorIntPair, FieldDescriptor> fieldsByNumber =
      new HashMap<DescriptorIntPair, FieldDescriptor>();
    private final Map<DescriptorIntPair, EnumValueDescriptor> enumValuesByNumber
        = new HashMap<DescriptorIntPair, EnumValueDescriptor>();

    /** Find a generic descriptor by fully-qualified name. */
    GenericDescriptor findSymbol(final String fullName) {
      return findSymbol(fullName, SearchFilter.ALL_SYMBOLS);
    }

    /** Find a descriptor by fully-qualified name and given option to only
     * search valid field type descriptors.
     */
    GenericDescriptor findSymbol(final String fullName,
                                 final SearchFilter filter) {
      GenericDescriptor result = descriptorsByName.get(fullName);
      if (result != null) {
        if ((filter==SearchFilter.ALL_SYMBOLS) ||
            ((filter==SearchFilter.TYPES_ONLY) && isType(result)) ||
            ((filter==SearchFilter.AGGREGATES_ONLY) && isAggregate(result))) {
          return result;
        }
      }

      for (final FileDescriptor dependency : dependencies) {
        result = dependency.pool.descriptorsByName.get(fullName);
        if (result != null) {
          if ((filter==SearchFilter.ALL_SYMBOLS) ||
              ((filter==SearchFilter.TYPES_ONLY) && isType(result)) ||
              ((filter==SearchFilter.AGGREGATES_ONLY) && isAggregate(result))) {
            return result;
          }
        }
      }

      return null;
    }

    /** Checks if the descriptor is a valid type for a message field. */
    boolean isType(GenericDescriptor descriptor) {
      return (descriptor instanceof Descriptor) ||
        (descriptor instanceof EnumDescriptor);
    }

    /** Checks if the descriptor is a valid namespace type. */
    boolean isAggregate(GenericDescriptor descriptor) {
      return (descriptor instanceof Descriptor) ||
        (descriptor instanceof EnumDescriptor) ||
        (descriptor instanceof PackageDescriptor) ||
        (descriptor instanceof ServiceDescriptor);
    }

    /**
     * Look up a type descriptor by name, relative to some other descriptor.
     * The name may be fully-qualified (with a leading '.'),
     * partially-qualified, or unqualified.  C++-like name lookup semantics
     * are used to search for the matching descriptor.
     */
    GenericDescriptor lookupSymbol(final String name,
                                   final GenericDescriptor relativeTo,
                                   final DescriptorPool.SearchFilter filter)
                            throws DescriptorValidationException {
      // TODO(kenton):  This could be optimized in a number of ways.

      GenericDescriptor result;
      String fullname;
      if (name.startsWith(".")) {
        // Fully-qualified name.
        fullname = name.substring(1);
        result = findSymbol(fullname, filter);
      } else {
        // If "name" is a compound identifier, we want to search for the
        // first component of it, then search within it for the rest.
        // If name is something like "Foo.Bar.baz", and symbols named "Foo" are
        // defined in multiple parent scopes, we only want to find "Bar.baz" in
        // the innermost one.  E.g., the following should produce an error:
        //   message Bar { message Baz {} }
        //   message Foo {
        //     message Bar {
        //     }
        //     optional Bar.Baz baz = 1;
        //   }
        // So, we look for just "Foo" first, then look for "Bar.baz" within it
        // if found.
        final int firstPartLength = name.indexOf('.');
        final String firstPart;
        if (firstPartLength == -1) {
          firstPart = name;
        } else {
          firstPart = name.substring(0, firstPartLength);
        }

        // We will search each parent scope of "relativeTo" looking for the
        // symbol.
        final StringBuilder scopeToTry =
            new StringBuilder(relativeTo.getFullName());

        while (true) {
          // Chop off the last component of the scope.
          final int dotpos = scopeToTry.lastIndexOf(".");
          if (dotpos == -1) {
            fullname = name;
            result = findSymbol(name, filter);
            break;
          } else {
            scopeToTry.setLength(dotpos + 1);

            // Append firstPart and try to find
            scopeToTry.append(firstPart);
            result = findSymbol(scopeToTry.toString(),
                DescriptorPool.SearchFilter.AGGREGATES_ONLY);

            if (result != null) {
              if (firstPartLength != -1) {
                // We only found the first part of the symbol.  Now look for
                // the whole thing.  If this fails, we *don't* want to keep
                // searching parent scopes.
                scopeToTry.setLength(dotpos + 1);
                scopeToTry.append(name);
                result = findSymbol(scopeToTry.toString(), filter);
              }
              fullname = scopeToTry.toString();
              break;
            }

            // Not found.  Remove the name so we can try again.
            scopeToTry.setLength(dotpos);
          }
        }
      }

      if (result == null) {
        if (allowUnknownDependencies && filter == SearchFilter.TYPES_ONLY) {
          logger.warning("The descriptor for message type \"" + name +
              "\" can not be found and a placeholder is created for it");
          // We create a dummy message descriptor here regardless of the
          // expected type. If the type should be message, this dummy
          // descriptor will work well and if the type should be enum, a
          // DescriptorValidationException will be thrown latter. In either
          // case, the code works as expected: we allow unknown message types
          // but not unknwon enum types.
          result = new Descriptor(fullname);
          // Add the placeholder file as a dependency so we can find the
          // placeholder symbol when resolving other references.
          this.dependencies.add(result.getFile());
          return result;
        } else {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(relativeTo,
              '\"' + name + "\" is not defined.");
        }
      } else {
        return result;
      }
    }

    /**
     * Adds a symbol to the symbol table.  If a symbol with the same name
     * already exists, throws an error.
     */
    void addSymbol(final GenericDescriptor descriptor)
            throws DescriptorValidationException {
      validateSymbolName(descriptor);

      final String fullName = descriptor.getFullName();
      final int dotpos = fullName.lastIndexOf('.');

      final GenericDescriptor old = descriptorsByName.put(fullName, descriptor);
      if (old != null) {
        descriptorsByName.put(fullName, old);

        if (descriptor.getFile() == old.getFile()) {
          if (dotpos == -1) {
            throw new DescriptorValidationException(descriptor,
                '\"' + fullName + "\" is already defined.");
          } else {
            throw new DescriptorValidationException(descriptor,
                '\"' + fullName.substring(dotpos + 1) +
              "\" is already defined in \"" +
              fullName.substring(0, dotpos) + "\".");
          }
        } else {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(descriptor,
              '\"' + fullName + "\" is already defined in file \"" +
            old.getFile().getName() + "\".");
        }
      }
    }

    /**
     * Represents a package in the symbol table.  We use PackageDescriptors
     * just as placeholders so that someone cannot define, say, a message type
     * that has the same name as an existing package.
     */
    private static final class PackageDescriptor extends GenericDescriptor {
      @Override
      public Message toProto() {
        return file.toProto();
      }
      @Override
      public String getName() {
        return name;
      }
      @Override
      public String getFullName() {
        return fullName;
      }
      @Override
      public FileDescriptor getFile() {
        return file;
      }

      PackageDescriptor(final String name, final String fullName,
                        final FileDescriptor file) {
        this.file = file;
        this.fullName = fullName;
        this.name = name;
      }

      private final String name;
      private final String fullName;
      private final FileDescriptor file;
    }

    /**
     * Adds a package to the symbol tables.  If a package by the same name
     * already exists, that is fine, but if some other kind of symbol exists
     * under the same name, an exception is thrown.  If the package has
     * multiple components, this also adds the parent package(s).
     */
    void addPackage(final String fullName, final FileDescriptor file)
             throws DescriptorValidationException {
      final int dotpos = fullName.lastIndexOf('.');
      final String name;
      if (dotpos == -1) {
        name = fullName;
      } else {
        addPackage(fullName.substring(0, dotpos), file);
        name = fullName.substring(dotpos + 1);
      }

      final GenericDescriptor old =
        descriptorsByName.put(fullName,
          new PackageDescriptor(name, fullName, file));
      if (old != null) {
        descriptorsByName.put(fullName, old);
        if (!(old instanceof PackageDescriptor)) {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(file,
              '\"' + name + "\" is already defined (as something other than a "
              + "package) in file \"" + old.getFile().getName() + "\".");
        }
      }
    }

    /** A (GenericDescriptor, int) pair, used as a map key. */
    private static final class DescriptorIntPair {
      private final GenericDescriptor descriptor;
      private final int number;

      DescriptorIntPair(final GenericDescriptor descriptor, final int number) {
        this.descriptor = descriptor;
        this.number = number;
      }

      @Override
      public int hashCode() {
        return descriptor.hashCode() * ((1 << 16) - 1) + number;
      }
      @Override
      public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
        if (!(obj instanceof DescriptorIntPair)) {
          return false;
        }
        final DescriptorIntPair other = (DescriptorIntPair)obj;
        return descriptor == other.descriptor && number == other.number;
      }
    }

    /**
     * Adds a field to the fieldsByNumber table.  Throws an exception if a
     * field with the same containing type and number already exists.
     */
    void addFieldByNumber(final FieldDescriptor field)
                   throws DescriptorValidationException {
      final DescriptorIntPair key =
        new DescriptorIntPair(field.getContainingType(), field.getNumber());
      final FieldDescriptor old = fieldsByNumber.put(key, field);
      if (old != null) {
        fieldsByNumber.put(key, old);
        throw new DescriptorValidationException(field,
          "Field number " + field.getNumber() +
          " has already been used in \"" +
          field.getContainingType().getFullName() +
          "\" by field \"" + old.getName() + "\".");
      }
    }

    /**
     * Adds an enum value to the enumValuesByNumber table.  If an enum value
     * with the same type and number already exists, does nothing.  (This is
     * allowed; the first value define with the number takes precedence.)
     */
    void addEnumValueByNumber(final EnumValueDescriptor value) {
      final DescriptorIntPair key =
        new DescriptorIntPair(value.getType(), value.getNumber());
      final EnumValueDescriptor old = enumValuesByNumber.put(key, value);
      if (old != null) {
        enumValuesByNumber.put(key, old);
        // Not an error:  Multiple enum values may have the same number, but
        // we only want the first one in the map.
      }
    }

    /**
     * Verifies that the descriptor's name is valid (i.e. it contains only
     * letters, digits, and underscores, and does not start with a digit).
     */
    static void validateSymbolName(final GenericDescriptor descriptor)
                                   throws DescriptorValidationException {
      final String name = descriptor.getName();
      if (name.length() == 0) {
        throw new DescriptorValidationException(descriptor, "Missing name.");
      } else {
        boolean valid = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < name.length(); i++) {
          final char c = name.charAt(i);
          // Non-ASCII characters are not valid in protobuf identifiers, even
          // if they are letters or digits.
          if (c >= 128) {
            valid = false;
          }
          // First character must be letter or _.  Subsequent characters may
          // be letters, numbers, or digits.
          if (Character.isLetter(c) || c == '_' ||
              (Character.isDigit(c) && i > 0)) {
            // Valid
          } else {
            valid = false;
          }
        }
        if (!valid) {
          throw new DescriptorValidationException(descriptor,
              '\"' + name + "\" is not a valid identifier.");
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /** Describes an oneof of a message type. */
  public static final class OneofDescriptor {
    /** Get the index of this descriptor within its parent. */
    public int getIndex() { return index; }

    public String getName() { return proto.getName(); }

    public FileDescriptor getFile() { return file; }

    public String getFullName() { return fullName; }

    public Descriptor getContainingType() { return containingType; }

    public int getFieldCount() { return fieldCount; }

    public OneofOptions getOptions() {
      return proto.getOptions();
    }

    /** Get a list of this message type's fields. */
    public List<FieldDescriptor> getFields() {
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(fields));
    }

    public FieldDescriptor getField(int index) {
      return fields[index];
    }

    private void setProto(final OneofDescriptorProto proto) {
      this.proto = proto;
    }

    private OneofDescriptor(final OneofDescriptorProto proto,
                            final FileDescriptor file,
                            final Descriptor parent,
                            final int index)
                     throws DescriptorValidationException {
      this.proto = proto;
      fullName = computeFullName(file, parent, proto.getName());
      this.file = file;
      this.index = index;

      containingType = parent;
      fieldCount = 0;
    }

    private final int index;
    private OneofDescriptorProto proto;
    private final String fullName;
    private final FileDescriptor file;

    private Descriptor containingType;
    private int fieldCount;
    private FieldDescriptor[] fields;
  }
}