// Copyright 2014 The Bazel Authors. All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package com.google.devtools.build.lib.rules.cpp;

import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
import com.google.common.base.Stopwatch;
import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableCollection;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
import com.google.common.io.ByteStreams;
import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.AbstractAction;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ActionContinuationOrResult;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ActionEnvironment;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ActionExecutionContext;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ActionExecutionException;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ActionInput;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ActionKeyContext;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ActionOwner;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ActionResult;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.Artifact;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ArtifactResolver;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.CommandAction;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.CommandLine;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.CommandLineExpansionException;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.CommandLines.CommandLineAndParamFileInfo;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.CommandLines.ParamFileActionInput;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.EnvironmentalExecException;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ExecException;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ExecutionRequirements;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ParameterFile.ParameterFileType;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ResourceSet;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.SimpleSpawn;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.Spawn;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.SpawnContinuation;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.SpawnResult;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.SpawnStrategy;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.extra.CppCompileInfo;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.extra.EnvironmentVariable;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.extra.ExtraActionInfo;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.analysis.skylark.Args;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.cmdline.LabelConstants;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.collect.CollectionUtils;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.collect.nestedset.NestedSet;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.collect.nestedset.NestedSetBuilder;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.collect.nestedset.Order;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.concurrent.ThreadSafety.ThreadCompatible;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.packages.StarlarkSemanticsOptions;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.profiler.Profiler;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.profiler.ProfilerTask;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.profiler.SilentCloseable;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.rules.cpp.CcCommon.CoptsFilter;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.rules.cpp.CcToolchainFeatures.FeatureConfiguration;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.rules.cpp.IncludeScanner.IncludeScanningHeaderData;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.skyframe.ActionExecutionValue;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.skylarkbuildapi.CommandLineArgsApi;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.syntax.EvalException;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.syntax.Sequence;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.syntax.StarlarkList;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.util.DependencySet;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.util.Fingerprint;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.util.ShellEscaper;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.util.io.FileOutErr;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.vfs.FileSystemUtils;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.vfs.IORuntimeException;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.vfs.Path;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.vfs.PathFragment;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.vfs.Root;
import com.google.devtools.build.skyframe.SkyFunction;
import com.google.devtools.build.skyframe.SkyKey;
import com.google.devtools.build.skyframe.SkyValue;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;

/** Action that represents some kind of C++ compilation step. */
@ThreadCompatible
public class CppCompileAction extends AbstractAction implements IncludeScannable, CommandAction {

  private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CppCompileAction.class.getName());
  private static final Duration BLOCKED_NESTED_SET_EXPANSION_THRESHOLD = Duration.ofSeconds(5);
  private static final PathFragment BUILD_PATH_FRAGMENT = PathFragment.create("BUILD");

  private static final boolean VALIDATION_DEBUG_WARN = false;

  protected final Artifact outputFile;
  private final Artifact sourceFile;
  private final CppConfiguration cppConfiguration;
  private final NestedSet<Artifact> mandatoryInputs;
  private final NestedSet<Artifact> inputsForInvalidation;

  /**
   * The set of input files that in addition to {@link CcCompilationContext#getDeclaredIncludeSrcs}
   * need to be added to the set of input artifacts of the action if we don't use input discovery.
   * They may be pruned after execution. See {@link #findUsedHeaders} for more details.
   */
  private final NestedSet<Artifact> additionalPrunableHeaders;

  @Nullable private final Artifact grepIncludes;
  private final boolean shareable;
  private final boolean shouldScanIncludes;
  private final boolean shouldPruneModules;
  private final boolean usePic;
  private final boolean useHeaderModules;
  private final boolean needsDotdInputPruning;
  protected final boolean needsIncludeValidation;
  private final IncludeProcessing includeProcessing;

  private final CcCompilationContext ccCompilationContext;
  private final ImmutableList<Artifact> builtinIncludeFiles;
  // A list of files to include scan that are not source files, pcm files, or
  // included via a command-line "-include file.h". Actions that use non C++ files as source
  // files--such as Clif--may use this mechanism.
  private final ImmutableList<Artifact> additionalIncludeScanningRoots;
  @VisibleForTesting public final CompileCommandLine compileCommandLine;

  /**
   * The fingerprint of {@link #compileCommandLine}. This is computed lazily so that the command
   * line is not unnecessarily flattened outside of action execution.
   */
  byte[] commandLineKey;

  private final ImmutableMap<String, String> executionInfo;
  private final String actionName;

  private final FeatureConfiguration featureConfiguration;

  /**
   * Identifier for the actual execution time behavior of the action.
   *
   * <p>Required because the behavior of this class can be modified by injecting code in the
   * constructor or by inheritance, and we want to have different cache keys for those.
   */
  private final UUID actionClassId;

  private final ImmutableList<PathFragment> builtInIncludeDirectories;

  /**
   * Set when the action prepares for execution. Used to preserve state between preparation and
   * execution.
   */
  private NestedSet<Artifact> additionalInputs;

  /**
   * Used only during input discovery, when input discovery requires other actions to be executed
   * first.
   */
  private Collection<Artifact.DerivedArtifact> usedModules;

  /**
   * This field is set only for C++ module compiles (compiling .cppmap files into .pcm files). It
   * stores the modules necessary for building this module as they will later also be required for
   * building users of this module. Such users can get to this data through this action's {@link
   * com.google.devtools.build.lib.skyframe.ActionExecutionValue}
   *
   * <p>This field is populated either based on the discovered headers in {@link #discoverInputs} or
   * extracted from the action inputs when restoring it from the action cache.
   */
  private NestedSet<Artifact> discoveredModules = null;

  /** Used modules that are not transitively used through other topLevelModules. */
  private NestedSet<Artifact> topLevelModules;

  private CcToolchainVariables overwrittenVariables;

  private ParamFileActionInput paramFileActionInput;
  private PathFragment paramFilePath;

  /**
   * Creates a new action to compile C/C++ source files.
   *
   * @param owner the owner of the action, usually the configured target that emitted it
   * @param featureConfiguration TODO(bazel-team): Add parameter description.
   * @param variables TODO(bazel-team): Add parameter description.
   * @param sourceFile the source file that should be compiled. {@code mandatoryInputs} must contain
   *     this file
   * @param shouldScanIncludes a boolean indicating whether scanning of {@code sourceFile} is to be
   *     performed looking for inclusions.
   * @param usePic TODO(bazel-team): Add parameter description.
   * @param mandatoryInputs any additional files that need to be present for the compilation to
   *     succeed, can be empty but not null, for example, extra sources for FDO.
   * @param inputsForInvalidation are there only to invalidate this action when they change, but are
   *     not needed during actual execution.
   * @param outputFile the object file that is written as result of the compilation, or the fake
   *     object for {@link FakeCppCompileAction}s
   * @param dotdFile the .d file that is generated as a side-effect of compilation
   * @param gcnoFile the coverage notes that are written in coverage mode, can be null
   * @param dwoFile the .dwo output file where debug information is stored for Fission builds (null
   *     if Fission mode is disabled)
   * @param ccCompilationContext the {@code CcCompilationContext}
   * @param coptsFilter regular expression to remove options from {@code copts}
   * @param additionalIncludeScanningRoots list of additional artifacts to include-scan
   * @param actionClassId TODO(bazel-team): Add parameter description
   * @param actionName a string giving the name of this action for the purpose of toolchain
   *     evaluation
   * @param cppSemantics C++ compilation semantics
   * @param builtInIncludeDirectories - list of toolchain-defined builtin include directories.
   */
  CppCompileAction(
      ActionOwner owner,
      FeatureConfiguration featureConfiguration,
      CcToolchainVariables variables,
      Artifact sourceFile,
      CppConfiguration cppConfiguration,
      boolean shareable,
      boolean shouldScanIncludes,
      boolean shouldPruneModules,
      boolean usePic,
      boolean useHeaderModules,
      NestedSet<Artifact> mandatoryInputs,
      NestedSet<Artifact> inputsForInvalidation,
      ImmutableList<Artifact> builtinIncludeFiles,
      NestedSet<Artifact> additionalPrunableHeaders,
      Artifact outputFile,
      Artifact dotdFile,
      @Nullable Artifact gcnoFile,
      @Nullable Artifact dwoFile,
      @Nullable Artifact ltoIndexingFile,
      ActionEnvironment env,
      CcCompilationContext ccCompilationContext,
      CoptsFilter coptsFilter,
      ImmutableList<Artifact> additionalIncludeScanningRoots,
      UUID actionClassId,
      ImmutableMap<String, String> executionInfo,
      String actionName,
      CppSemantics cppSemantics,
      ImmutableList<PathFragment> builtInIncludeDirectories,
      @Nullable Artifact grepIncludes) {
    super(
        owner,
        NestedSetBuilder.fromNestedSet(mandatoryInputs)
            .addTransitive(inputsForInvalidation)
            .build(),
        CollectionUtils.asSetWithoutNulls(outputFile, dotdFile, gcnoFile, dwoFile, ltoIndexingFile),
        env);
    Preconditions.checkArgument(!shouldPruneModules || shouldScanIncludes);
    this.outputFile = Preconditions.checkNotNull(outputFile);
    this.sourceFile = sourceFile;
    this.shareable = shareable;
    this.cppConfiguration = cppConfiguration;
    // We do not need to include the middleman artifact since it is a generated artifact and will
    // definitely exist prior to this action execution.
    this.mandatoryInputs = mandatoryInputs;
    this.inputsForInvalidation = inputsForInvalidation;
    this.additionalPrunableHeaders = additionalPrunableHeaders;
    this.shouldScanIncludes = shouldScanIncludes;
    this.shouldPruneModules = shouldPruneModules;
    this.usePic = usePic;
    this.useHeaderModules = useHeaderModules;
    this.ccCompilationContext = ccCompilationContext;
    this.builtinIncludeFiles = builtinIncludeFiles;
    this.additionalIncludeScanningRoots =
        Preconditions.checkNotNull(additionalIncludeScanningRoots);
    this.compileCommandLine =
        buildCommandLine(
            sourceFile, coptsFilter, actionName, dotdFile, featureConfiguration, variables);
    this.executionInfo = executionInfo;
    this.actionName = actionName;
    this.featureConfiguration = featureConfiguration;
    this.needsDotdInputPruning =
        cppSemantics.needsDotdInputPruning() && !sourceFile.isFileType(CppFileTypes.CPP_MODULE);
    this.needsIncludeValidation = cppSemantics.needsIncludeValidation();
    this.includeProcessing = cppSemantics.getIncludeProcessing();
    this.actionClassId = actionClassId;
    this.builtInIncludeDirectories = builtInIncludeDirectories;
    this.additionalInputs = null;
    this.usedModules = null;
    this.topLevelModules = null;
    this.overwrittenVariables = null;
    this.grepIncludes = grepIncludes;
    if (featureConfiguration.isEnabled(CppRuleClasses.COMPIILER_PARAM_FILE)) {
      paramFilePath =
          outputFile
              .getExecPath()
              .getParentDirectory()
              .getChild(outputFile.getFilename() + ".params");
    }
  }

  static CompileCommandLine buildCommandLine(
      Artifact sourceFile,
      CoptsFilter coptsFilter,
      String actionName,
      Artifact dotdFile,
      FeatureConfiguration featureConfiguration,
      CcToolchainVariables variables) {
    return CompileCommandLine.builder(sourceFile, coptsFilter, actionName, dotdFile)
        .setFeatureConfiguration(featureConfiguration)
        .setVariables(variables)
        .build();
  }

  /**
   * Whether we should do "include scanning". Note that this does *not* mean whether we should parse
   * the .d files to determine which include files were used during compilation. Instead, this means
   * whether we should a) run the pre-execution include scanner (see {@code IncludeScanningContext})
   * if one exists and b) whether the action inputs should be modified to match the results of that
   * pre-execution scanning and (if enabled) again after execution to match the results of the .d
   * file parsing.
   *
   * <p>This does *not* have anything to do with "hdrs_check".
   */
  public boolean shouldScanIncludes() {
    return shouldScanIncludes;
  }

  private boolean shouldScanDotdFiles() {
    return !useHeaderModules || !shouldPruneModules;
  }

  public boolean useInMemoryDotdFiles() {
    return cppConfiguration.getInmemoryDotdFiles();
  }

  @Override
  public List<PathFragment> getBuiltInIncludeDirectories() {
    return builtInIncludeDirectories;
  }

  @Nullable
  @Override
  public List<Artifact> getBuiltInIncludeFiles() {
    return builtinIncludeFiles;
  }

  @Override
  public NestedSet<Artifact> getMandatoryInputs() {
    return mandatoryInputs;
  }

  @Override
  public ImmutableSet<Artifact> getMandatoryOutputs() {
    // Never prune orphaned modules files. To cut down critical paths, CppCompileActions do not
    // add modules files as inputs. Instead they rely on input discovery to recognize the needed
    // ones. However, orphan detection runs before input discovery and thus module files would be
    // discarded as orphans.
    // This is strictly better than marking all transitive modules as inputs, which would also
    // effectively disable orphan detection for .pcm files.
    if (outputFile.isFileType(CppFileTypes.CPP_MODULE)) {
      return ImmutableSet.of(outputFile);
    }
    return super.getMandatoryOutputs();
  }

  /**
   * Returns the list of additional inputs found by dependency discovery, during action preparation.
   * {@link #discoverInputs(ActionExecutionContext)} must be called before this method is called on
   * each action execution.
   */
  public NestedSet<Artifact> getAdditionalInputs() {
    return Preconditions.checkNotNull(additionalInputs);
  }

  /** Clears the discovered {@link #additionalInputs}. */
  public void clearAdditionalInputs() {
    additionalInputs = null;
  }

  @Override
  public boolean discoversInputs() {
    return shouldScanIncludes || needsDotdInputPruning;
  }

  @Override
  @VisibleForTesting // productionVisibility = Visibility.PRIVATE
  public NestedSet<Artifact> getPossibleInputsForTesting() {
    return NestedSetBuilder.fromNestedSet(getInputs())
        .addTransitive(ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeSrcs())
        .addTransitive(additionalPrunableHeaders)
        .build();
  }

  /**
   * Returns the results of include scanning or, when that is null, all prunable headers.
   *
   * <p>This is necessary because the inputs that can be pruned by .d file parsing must be returned
   * from {@link #discoverInputs(ActionExecutionContext)} and they cannot be in {@link
   * #mandatoryInputs}. Thus, even with include scanning turned off, we pretend that we "discover"
   * these headers.
   */
  private NestedSet<Artifact> findUsedHeaders(
      ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext, IncludeScanningHeaderData headerData)
      throws ActionExecutionException, InterruptedException {
    try {
      try {
        ListenableFuture<List<Artifact>> future =
            actionExecutionContext
                .getContext(CppIncludeScanningContext.class)
                .findAdditionalInputs(this, actionExecutionContext, includeProcessing, headerData);
        if (future == null) {
          return NestedSetBuilder.fromNestedSet(ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeSrcs())
              .addTransitive(additionalPrunableHeaders)
              .build();
        }
        return NestedSetBuilder.wrap(Order.STABLE_ORDER, future.get());
      } catch (ExecutionException e) {
        Throwables.throwIfInstanceOf(e.getCause(), ExecException.class);
        Throwables.throwIfInstanceOf(e.getCause(), InterruptedException.class);
        if (e.getCause() instanceof IORuntimeException) {
          throw new EnvironmentalExecException(
              ((IORuntimeException) e.getCause()).getCauseIOException());
        }
        if (e.getCause() instanceof IOException) {
          throw new EnvironmentalExecException((IOException) e.getCause());
        }
        Throwables.throwIfUnchecked(e.getCause());
        throw new IllegalStateException(e.getCause());
      }
    } catch (ExecException e) {
      throw e.toActionExecutionException(
          "Include scanning of rule '" + getOwner().getLabel() + "'",
          actionExecutionContext.getVerboseFailures(),
          this);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Filters discovered headers according to declared rule inputs. This fundamentally mirrors the
   * behavior of {@link #validateInclusions} and just removes inputs that would be considered
   * invalid from {@code headers}. That way, the compiler does not get access to them (assuming a
   * sand-boxed environment) and can diagnose the missing headers.
   */
  private NestedSet<Artifact> filterDiscoveredHeaders(
      ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext,
      NestedSet<Artifact> headers,
      List<CcCompilationContext.HeaderInfo> headerInfo) {
    Set<Artifact> undeclaredHeaders = Sets.newHashSet(headers.toList());

    // Remove all declared headers and find out which modules were used while at it.
    CcCompilationContext.HeadersAndModules headersAndModules =
        ccCompilationContext.computeDeclaredHeadersAndUsedModules(
            usePic, undeclaredHeaders, headerInfo);
    usedModules = ImmutableList.copyOf(headersAndModules.modules);
    undeclaredHeaders.removeAll(headersAndModules.headers);

    // Note that this (compared to validateInclusions) does not take mandatoryInputs into account.
    // The reason is that these by definition get added to the action input and thus are available
    // anyway. Not having to look at them here saves us from requiring and ArtifactExpander, which
    // actionExecutionContext doesn't have at this point. This only works as long as mandatory
    // inputs do not contain headers that are built into a module.
    for (Artifact source : getIncludeScannerSources()) {
      undeclaredHeaders.remove(source);
    }
    for (Artifact header : additionalPrunableHeaders.toList()) {
      undeclaredHeaders.remove(header);
    }
    if (undeclaredHeaders.isEmpty()) {
      return headers;
    }

    Iterable<PathFragment> ignoreDirs =
        cppConfiguration.isStrictSystemIncludes()
            ? getBuiltInIncludeDirectories()
            : getValidationIgnoredDirs();
    Set<Artifact> missing = Sets.newHashSet();
    // Lazily initialize, so that compiles that properly declare all their files profit.
    Set<PathFragment> declaredIncludeDirs = null;
    for (Artifact header : undeclaredHeaders) {
      if (FileSystemUtils.startsWithAny(header.getExecPath(), ignoreDirs)) {
        continue;
      }
      if (declaredIncludeDirs == null) {
        declaredIncludeDirs = ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeDirs().toSet();
      }
      if (!isDeclaredIn(cppConfiguration, actionExecutionContext, header, declaredIncludeDirs)) {
        missing.add(header);
      }
    }
    if (missing.isEmpty()) {
      return headers;
    }

    return NestedSetBuilder.wrap(
        Order.STABLE_ORDER,
        Iterables.filter(headers.toList(), header -> !missing.contains(header)));
  }

  /**
   * This method returns null when a required SkyValue is missing and a Skyframe restart is
   * required.
   */
  @Nullable
  @Override
  public NestedSet<Artifact> discoverInputs(ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext)
      throws ActionExecutionException, InterruptedException {
    Preconditions.checkArgument(!sourceFile.isFileType(CppFileTypes.CPP_MODULE));

    if (additionalInputs == null) {
      List<String> options;
      try {
        options = getCompilerOptions();
      } catch (CommandLineExpansionException e) {
        throw new ActionExecutionException(
            "failed to generate compile command for rule '"
                + getOwner().getLabel()
                + ": "
                + e.getMessage(),
            this,
            /* catastrophe= */ false);
      }
      commandLineKey = computeCommandLineKey(options);
      List<PathFragment> systemIncludeDirs = getSystemIncludeDirs(options);
      List<CcCompilationContext.HeaderInfo> headerInfo =
          ccCompilationContext.getTransitiveHeaderInfos();
      IncludeScanningHeaderData.Builder includeScanningHeaderData =
          ccCompilationContext.createIncludeScanningHeaderData(
              actionExecutionContext.getEnvironmentForDiscoveringInputs(),
              usePic,
              useHeaderModules,
              headerInfo);
      if (includeScanningHeaderData == null) {
        return null;
      }
      additionalInputs =
          findUsedHeaders(
              actionExecutionContext,
              includeScanningHeaderData
                  .setSystemIncludeDirs(systemIncludeDirs)
                  .setCmdlineIncludes(getCmdlineIncludes(options))
                  .build());
      if (needsIncludeValidation) {
        verifyActionIncludePaths(
            systemIncludeDirs,
            actionExecutionContext
                .getOptions()
                .getOptions(StarlarkSemanticsOptions.class)
                .experimentalSiblingRepositoryLayout);
      }

      if (!shouldScanIncludes) {
        return additionalInputs;
      }

      if (!shouldScanDotdFiles()) {
        // If we aren't looking at .d files later, remove undeclared inputs now.
        additionalInputs =
            filterDiscoveredHeaders(actionExecutionContext, additionalInputs, headerInfo);
      }
    }

    if (usedModules == null) {
      // There are two paths in which this can be reached:
      // 1. This is not a modular compilation or one without include scanning. In either case, we
      //    never compute used modules.
      // 2. This function has completed on a previous execution, adding all used modules to
      //    additionalInputs and resetting usedModules to null below.
      // In either case, there is nothing more to do here.
      return additionalInputs;
    }

    Map<Artifact, NestedSet<? extends Artifact>> transitivelyUsedModules =
        computeTransitivelyUsedModules(
            actionExecutionContext.getEnvironmentForDiscoveringInputs(), usedModules);
    if (transitivelyUsedModules == null) {
      return null;
    }

    // Compute top-level modules, i.e. used modules that aren't also dependencies of other
    // used modules. Combining the NestedSets of transitive deps of the top-level modules also
    // gives us an effective way to compute and store discoveredModules.
    Set<Artifact> topLevel = new LinkedHashSet<>(usedModules);
    for (NestedSet<? extends Artifact> transitive : transitivelyUsedModules.values()) {
      // It is better to iterate over each nested set here instead of creating a joint one and
      // iterating over it, as this makes use of NestedSet's memoization (each of them has likely
      // been iterated over before). Don't use Set.removeAll() here as that iterates over the
      // smaller set (topLevel, which would support efficient lookup) and looks up in the larger one
      // (transitive, which is a linear scan).
      // We get a collection view of the NestedSet in a way that can throw an InterruptedException
      // because a NestedSet may contain a future.
      for (Artifact module : modulesToListInterruptibly(transitive)) {
        topLevel.remove(module);
      }
    }
    NestedSetBuilder<Artifact> topLevelModulesBuilder = NestedSetBuilder.stableOrder();
    NestedSetBuilder<Artifact> discoveredModulesBuilder = NestedSetBuilder.stableOrder();
    for (Artifact module : topLevel) {
      topLevelModulesBuilder.add(module);
      discoveredModulesBuilder.addTransitive(transitivelyUsedModules.get(module));
    }
    topLevelModules = topLevelModulesBuilder.build();
    discoveredModulesBuilder.addTransitive(topLevelModules);
    NestedSet<Artifact> discoveredModules = discoveredModulesBuilder.buildInterruptibly();

    additionalInputs =
        NestedSetBuilder.fromNestedSet(additionalInputs).addTransitive(discoveredModules).build();
    if (outputFile.isFileType(CppFileTypes.CPP_MODULE)) {
      this.discoveredModules = discoveredModules;
    }
    usedModules = null;
    return additionalInputs;
  }

  private static ImmutableList<? extends Artifact> modulesToListInterruptibly(
      NestedSet<? extends Artifact> nestedSet) throws InterruptedException {
    Stopwatch blockedStopwatch = Stopwatch.createStarted();
    ImmutableList<? extends Artifact> modules;
    try {
      modules = nestedSet.toListInterruptibly();
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
      Duration blockedDuration = blockedStopwatch.elapsed();
      if (BLOCKED_NESTED_SET_EXPANSION_THRESHOLD.compareTo(blockedDuration) < 0) {
        logger.info(
            String.format(
                "Spent %d milliseconds doing nested set expansion, interrupted",
                blockedDuration.toMillis()));
      }
      throw e;
    }
    Duration blockedDuration = blockedStopwatch.elapsed();
    if (BLOCKED_NESTED_SET_EXPANSION_THRESHOLD.compareTo(blockedDuration) < 0) {
      logger.info(
          String.format(
              "Spent %d milliseconds doing nested set expansion, %d elements",
              blockedDuration.toMillis(), modules.size()));
    }
    return modules;
  }

  @Override
  public Artifact getPrimaryInput() {
    return getSourceFile();
  }

  @Override
  public Artifact getPrimaryOutput() {
    return getOutputFile();
  }

  /** Returns the path of the c/cc source for gcc. */
  public final Artifact getSourceFile() {
    return compileCommandLine.getSourceFile();
  }

  /**
   * Returns the path where gcc should put its result.
   */
  public Artifact getOutputFile() {
    return outputFile;
  }

  @Override
  @Nullable
  public Artifact getGrepIncludes() {
    return grepIncludes;
  }

  /**
   * Set by {@link #discoverInputs}. Returns a subset of {@link #getAdditionalInputs()} or null, if
   * this is not a compile action producing a C++ module.
   */
  @Override
  @Nullable
  public NestedSet<Artifact> getDiscoveredModules() {
    return discoveredModules;
  }

  /** Returns the path where the compiler should put the discovered dependency information. */
  public Artifact getDotdFile() {
    return compileCommandLine.getDotdFile();
  }

  @VisibleForTesting
  public CcCompilationContext getCcCompilationContext() {
    return ccCompilationContext;
  }

  @Override
  public List<PathFragment> getQuoteIncludeDirs() {
    ImmutableList.Builder<PathFragment> result = ImmutableList.builder();
    result.addAll(ccCompilationContext.getQuoteIncludeDirs());
    ImmutableList<String> copts = compileCommandLine.getCopts();
    for (int i = 0; i < copts.size(); i++) {
      String opt = copts.get(i);
      if (opt.startsWith("-iquote")) {
        if (opt.length() > 7) {
          result.add(PathFragment.create(opt.substring(7).trim()));
        } else if (i + 1 < copts.size()) {
          i++;
          result.add(PathFragment.create(copts.get(i)));
        } else {
          System.err.println("WARNING: dangling -iquote flag in options for " + prettyPrint());
        }
      }
    }
    return result.build();
  }

  @Override
  public List<PathFragment> getIncludeDirs() {
    ImmutableList.Builder<PathFragment> result = ImmutableList.builder();
    result.addAll(ccCompilationContext.getIncludeDirs());
    for (String opt : compileCommandLine.getCopts()) {
      if (opt.startsWith("-I") && opt.length() > 2) {
        // We insist on the combined form "-Idir".
        result.add(PathFragment.create(opt.substring(2)));
      }
    }
    return result.build();
  }

  @Override
  public ImmutableList<PathFragment> getFrameworkIncludeDirs() {
    return ccCompilationContext.getFrameworkIncludeDirs();
  }

  @VisibleForTesting
  List<PathFragment> getSystemIncludeDirs() throws CommandLineExpansionException {
    return getSystemIncludeDirs(getCompilerOptions());
  }

  private List<PathFragment> getSystemIncludeDirs(List<String> compilerOptions) {
    // TODO(bazel-team): parsing the command line flags here couples us to gcc-style compiler
    // command lines; use a different way to specify system includes (for example through a
    // system_includes attribute in cc_toolchain); note that that would disallow users from
    // specifying system include paths via the copts attribute.
    // Currently, this works together with the include_paths features because getCommandLine() will
    // get the system include paths from the {@code CcCompilationContext} instead.
    ImmutableList.Builder<PathFragment> result = ImmutableList.builder();
    for (int i = 0; i < compilerOptions.size(); i++) {
      String opt = compilerOptions.get(i);
      if (opt.startsWith("-isystem")) {
        if (opt.length() > 8) {
          result.add(PathFragment.create(opt.substring(8).trim()));
        } else if (i + 1 < compilerOptions.size()) {
          i++;
          result.add(PathFragment.create(compilerOptions.get(i)));
        } else {
          System.err.println("WARNING: dangling -isystem flag in options for " + prettyPrint());
        }
      }
    }
    return result.build();
  }

  private List<String> getCmdlineIncludes(List<String> args) {
    ImmutableList.Builder<String> cmdlineIncludes = ImmutableList.builder();
    for (Iterator<String> argi = args.iterator(); argi.hasNext();) {
      String arg = argi.next();
      if (arg.equals("-include") && argi.hasNext()) {
        cmdlineIncludes.add(argi.next());
      }
    }
    return cmdlineIncludes.build();
  }

  @Override
  public Artifact getMainIncludeScannerSource() {
    return getSourceFile().isFileType(CppFileTypes.CPP_MODULE_MAP)
        ? Iterables.getFirst(ccCompilationContext.getHeaderModuleSrcs(), null)
        : getSourceFile();
  }

  @Override
  public Collection<Artifact> getIncludeScannerSources() {
    if (getSourceFile().isFileType(CppFileTypes.CPP_MODULE_MAP)) {
      // If this is an action that compiles the header module itself, the source we build is the
      // module map, and we need to include-scan all headers that are referenced in the module map.
      return ccCompilationContext.getHeaderModuleSrcs();
    }
    ImmutableList.Builder<Artifact> builder = ImmutableList.builder();
    builder.add(getSourceFile());
    builder.addAll(additionalIncludeScanningRoots);
    return builder.build();
  }

  /**
   * Returns the list of "-D" arguments that should be used by this gcc
   * invocation. Only used for testing.
   */
  @VisibleForTesting
  public ImmutableCollection<String> getDefines() {
    return ccCompilationContext.getDefines().toList();
  }

  @Override
  @VisibleForTesting
  public ImmutableMap<String, String> getIncompleteEnvironmentForTesting()
      throws ActionExecutionException {
    try {
      return getEnvironment(ImmutableMap.of());
    } catch (CommandLineExpansionException e) {
      throw new ActionExecutionException(
          "failed to generate compile environment variables for rule '"
              + getOwner().getLabel()
              + ": "
              + e.getMessage(),
          this,
          /* catastrophe= */ false);
    }
  }

  public ImmutableMap<String, String> getEnvironment(Map<String, String> clientEnv)
      throws CommandLineExpansionException {
    Map<String, String> environment = new LinkedHashMap<>(env.size());
    env.resolve(environment, clientEnv);

    if (!getExecutionInfo().containsKey(ExecutionRequirements.REQUIRES_DARWIN)) {
      // Linux: this prevents gcc/clang from writing the unpredictable (and often irrelevant) value
      // of getcwd() into the debug info. Not applicable to Darwin or Windows, which have no /proc.
      environment.put("PWD", "/proc/self/cwd");
    }

    environment.putAll(compileCommandLine.getEnvironment());
    return ImmutableMap.copyOf(environment);
  }

  @Override
  public List<String> getArguments() throws CommandLineExpansionException {
    return compileCommandLine.getArguments(paramFilePath, overwrittenVariables);
  }

  @Override
  public Sequence<CommandLineArgsApi> getStarlarkArgs() throws EvalException {
    ImmutableSet<Artifact> directoryInputs =
        getInputs().toList().stream()
            .filter(artifact -> artifact.isDirectory())
            .collect(ImmutableSet.toImmutableSet());

    CommandLine commandLine = compileCommandLine.getFilteredFeatureConfigurationCommandLine(this);

    CommandLineAndParamFileInfo commandLineAndParamFileInfo =
        new CommandLineAndParamFileInfo(commandLine, /* paramFileInfo= */ null);

    Args args = Args.forRegisteredAction(commandLineAndParamFileInfo, directoryInputs);

    return StarlarkList.immutableCopyOf(ImmutableList.of(args));
  }

  public ParamFileActionInput getParamFileActionInput() {
    return paramFileActionInput;
  }

  @Override
  public ExtraActionInfo.Builder getExtraActionInfo(ActionKeyContext actionKeyContext)
      throws CommandLineExpansionException {
    CppCompileInfo.Builder info = CppCompileInfo.newBuilder();
    info.setTool(compileCommandLine.getToolPath());

    // For actual extra actions, the shadowed action is fully executed and overwrittenVariables get
    // computed. However, this function is also used for print_action and there, the action is
    // retrieved from the cache, the modules are reconstructed via updateInputs and
    // overwrittenVariables don't get computed.
    List<String> options =
        compileCommandLine.getCompilerOptions(
            overwrittenVariables != null
                ? overwrittenVariables
                : getOverwrittenVariables(getInputs()));

    for (String option : options) {
      info.addCompilerOption(option);
    }
    info.setOutputFile(outputFile.getExecPathString());
    info.setSourceFile(getSourceFile().getExecPathString());
    if (inputsDiscovered()) {
      info.addAllSourcesAndHeaders(Artifact.toExecPaths(getInputs().toList()));
    } else {
      info.addSourcesAndHeaders(getSourceFile().getExecPathString());
      info.addAllSourcesAndHeaders(
          Artifact.toExecPaths(ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeSrcs().toList()));
    }
    // TODO(ulfjack): Extra actions currently ignore the client environment.
    for (Map.Entry<String, String> envVariable :
        getEnvironment(/* clientEnv= */ ImmutableMap.of()).entrySet()) {
      info.addVariable(
          EnvironmentVariable.newBuilder()
              .setName(envVariable.getKey())
              .setValue(envVariable.getValue())
              .build());
    }

    try {
      return super.getExtraActionInfo(actionKeyContext)
          .setExtension(CppCompileInfo.cppCompileInfo, info.build());
    } catch (CommandLineExpansionException e) {
      throw new AssertionError("CppCompileAction command line expansion cannot fail.");
    }
  }

  /** Returns the compiler options. */
  @VisibleForTesting
  public List<String> getCompilerOptions() throws CommandLineExpansionException {
    return compileCommandLine.getCompilerOptions(/* overwrittenVariables= */ null);
  }

  @Override
  public ImmutableMap<String, String> getExecutionInfo() {
    return executionInfo;
  }

  /**
   * Enforce that the includes actually visited during the compile were properly declared in the
   * rules.
   *
   * <p>The technique is to walk through all of the reported includes that gcc emits into the .d
   * file, and verify that they came from acceptable relative include directories. This is done in
   * two steps:
   *
   * <p>First, each included file is stripped of any include path prefix from {@code
   * quoteIncludeDirs} to produce an effective relative include dir+name.
   *
   * <p>Second, the remaining directory is looked up in {@code declaredIncludeDirs}, a list of
   * acceptable dirs. This list contains a set of dir fragments that have been calculated by the
   * configured target to be allowable for inclusion by this source. If no match is found, an error
   * is reported and an exception is thrown.
   *
   * @throws ActionExecutionException iff there was an undeclared dependency
   */
  @VisibleForTesting
  public void validateInclusions(
      ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext, NestedSet<Artifact> inputsForValidation)
      throws ActionExecutionException {
    IncludeProblems errors = new IncludeProblems();
    Set<Artifact> allowedIncludes = new HashSet<>();
    for (Artifact input :
        Iterables.concat(
            mandatoryInputs.toList(),
            ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeSrcs().toList(),
            additionalPrunableHeaders.toList())) {
      if (input.isMiddlemanArtifact() || input.isTreeArtifact()) {
        actionExecutionContext.getArtifactExpander().expand(input, allowedIncludes);
      }
      allowedIncludes.add(input);
    }

    Iterable<PathFragment> ignoreDirs =
        cppConfiguration.isStrictSystemIncludes()
            ? getBuiltInIncludeDirectories()
            : getValidationIgnoredDirs();

    // Copy the nested sets to hash sets for fast contains checking, but do so lazily.
    // Avoid immutable sets here to limit memory churn.
    Set<PathFragment> declaredIncludeDirs = null;
    for (Artifact input : inputsForValidation.toList()) {
      // Only declared modules are added to an action and so they are always valid.
      if (input.isFileType(CppFileTypes.CPP_MODULE)) {
        continue;
      }
      // TODO(b/145253507): Exclude objc module maps from check, due to bad interaction with
      // local_objc_modules feature.
      if (input.isFileType(CppFileTypes.OBJC_MODULE_MAP)) {
        continue;
      }
      if (allowedIncludes.contains(input)) {
        continue;
      }
      // Ignore headers from built-in include directories.
      if (FileSystemUtils.startsWithAny(input.getExecPath(), ignoreDirs)) {
        continue;
      }
      if (declaredIncludeDirs == null) {
        declaredIncludeDirs =
            Sets.newHashSet(ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeDirs().toList());
      }
      if (!isDeclaredIn(cppConfiguration, actionExecutionContext, input, declaredIncludeDirs)) {
        errors.add(input.getExecPath().toString());
      }
    }
    if (VALIDATION_DEBUG_WARN) {
      synchronized (System.err) {
        if (errors.hasProblems()) {
          if (errors.hasProblems()) {
            System.err.println("ERROR: Include(s) were not in declared srcs:");
          } else {
            System.err.println("INFO: Include(s) were OK for '" + getSourceFile()
                + "', declared srcs:");
          }
          for (Artifact a : ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeSrcs().toList()) {
            System.err.println("  '" + a.toDetailString() + "'");
          }
          System.err.println(" or under declared dirs:");
          for (PathFragment f :
              Sets.newTreeSet(ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeDirs().toList())) {
            System.err.println("  '" + f + "'");
          }
          System.err.println(" with prefixes:");
          for (PathFragment dirpath : ccCompilationContext.getQuoteIncludeDirs()) {
            System.err.println("  '" + dirpath + "'");
          }
        }
      }
    }
    errors.assertProblemFree(this, getSourceFile());
  }

  Iterable<PathFragment> getValidationIgnoredDirs() {
    List<PathFragment> cxxSystemIncludeDirs = getBuiltInIncludeDirectories();
    return Iterables.concat(cxxSystemIncludeDirs, ccCompilationContext.getSystemIncludeDirs());
  }

  @VisibleForTesting
  void verifyActionIncludePaths(
      List<PathFragment> systemIncludeDirs, boolean siblingRepositoryLayout)
      throws ActionExecutionException {
    ImmutableSet<PathFragment> ignoredDirs = ImmutableSet.copyOf(getValidationIgnoredDirs());
    // We currently do not check the output of:
    // - getBuiltinIncludeDirs(): while in practice this doesn't happen, bazel can be configured
    //   to use an absolute system root, in which case the builtin include dirs might be absolute.

    Iterable<PathFragment> includePathsToVerify =
        Iterables.concat(getIncludeDirs(), getQuoteIncludeDirs(), systemIncludeDirs);
    for (PathFragment includePath : includePathsToVerify) {
      // includePathsToVerify contains all paths that are added as -isystem directive on the command
      // line, most of which are added for include directives in the CcCompilationContext and are
      // thus also in ignoredDirs. The hash lookup prevents this from becoming O(N^2) for these.
      if (ignoredDirs.contains(includePath)
          || FileSystemUtils.startsWithAny(includePath, ignoredDirs)) {
        continue;
      }

      // Two conditions:
      // 1. Paths cannot be absolute (e.g. multiple uplevels to /etc/passwd)
      // 2. For relative paths, one starting ../ is okay for getting to a sibling repository.
      PathFragment prefix =
          siblingRepositoryLayout
              ? LabelConstants.EXPERIMENTAL_EXTERNAL_PATH_PREFIX
              : LabelConstants.EXTERNAL_PATH_PREFIX;
      if (includePath.startsWith(prefix)) {
        includePath = includePath.relativeTo(prefix);
      }
      if (includePath.isAbsolute() || includePath.containsUplevelReferences()) {
        throw new ActionExecutionException(
            String.format(
                "The include path '%s' references a path outside of the execution root.",
                includePath),
            this,
            false);
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if an included artifact is declared in a set of allowed include directories. The
   * simple case is that the artifact's parent directory is contained in the set, or is empty.
   *
   * <p>This check also supports a wildcard suffix of '**' for the cases where the calculations are
   * inexact.
   *
   * <p>It also handles unseen non-nested-package subdirs by walking up the path looking for
   * matches.
   */
  private static boolean isDeclaredIn(
      CppConfiguration cppConfiguration,
      ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext,
      Artifact input,
      Set<PathFragment> declaredIncludeDirs) {
    // If it's a derived artifact, then it MUST be listed in "srcs" as checked above.
    // We define derived here as being not source and not under the include link tree.
    if (!input.isSourceArtifact()
        && !input.getRoot().getExecPath().getBaseName().equals("include")) {
      return false;
    }
    // Need to do dir/package matching: first try a quick exact lookup.
    PathFragment includeDir = input.getRootRelativePath().getParentDirectory();
    if (!cppConfiguration.validateTopLevelHeaderInclusions() && includeDir.isEmpty()) {
      return true; // Legacy behavior nobody understands anymore.
    }
    if (declaredIncludeDirs.contains(includeDir)) {
      return true;  // OK: quick exact match.
    }
    // Not found in the quick lookup: try the wildcards.
    for (PathFragment declared : declaredIncludeDirs) {
      if (declared.getBaseName().equals("**")) {
        if (includeDir.startsWith(declared.getParentDirectory())) {
          return true;  // OK: under a wildcard dir.
        }
      }
    }
    // Still not found: see if it is in a subdir of a declared package.
    Root root = actionExecutionContext.getRoot(input);
    Path dir = actionExecutionContext.getInputPath(input).getParentDirectory();
    if (dir.equals(root.asPath())) {
      return false; // Bad: at the top, give up.
    }
    // As we walk up along parent paths, we'll need to check whether Bazel build files exist, which
    // would mean that the file is in a sub-package and not a subdir of a declared include
    // directory. Do so lazily to avoid stats when this file doesn't lie beneath any declared
    // include directory.
    List<Path> packagesToCheckForBuildFiles = new ArrayList<>();
    while (true) {
      packagesToCheckForBuildFiles.add(dir);
      dir = dir.getParentDirectory();
      if (dir.equals(root.asPath())) {
        return false;  // Bad: at the top, give up.
      }
      if (declaredIncludeDirs.contains(root.relativize(dir))) {
        for (Path dirOrPackage : packagesToCheckForBuildFiles) {
          if (dirOrPackage.getRelative(BUILD_PATH_FRAGMENT).exists()) {
            return false;  // Bad: this is a sub-package, not a subdir of a declared package.
          }
        }
        return true;  // OK: found under a declared dir.
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Recalculates this action's live input collection, including sources, middlemen.
   *
   * <p>Can only be called if {@link #discoversInputs}, and must be called after execution in that
   * case.
   */
  @VisibleForTesting // productionVisibility = Visibility.PRIVATE
  @ThreadCompatible
  final void updateActionInputs(NestedSet<Artifact> discoveredInputs) {
    Preconditions.checkState(
        discoversInputs(), "Can't call if not discovering inputs: %s %s", discoveredInputs, this);
    try (SilentCloseable c = Profiler.instance().profile(ProfilerTask.ACTION_UPDATE, describe())) {
      NestedSetBuilder<Artifact> inputsBuilder =
          NestedSetBuilder.<Artifact>stableOrder()
              .addTransitive(mandatoryInputs)
              .addTransitive(inputsForInvalidation);
      if (discoveredInputs != null) {
        inputsBuilder.addTransitive(discoveredInputs);
      }
      super.updateInputs(inputsBuilder.build());
    }
  }

  /** Sets module file flags based on the action's inputs. */
  protected void setModuleFileFlags() {
    if (useHeaderModules) {
      // If modules pruning is used, modules will be supplied via topLevelModules, otherwise they
      // are regular inputs.
      if (shouldPruneModules) {
        Preconditions.checkNotNull(this.topLevelModules);
        overwrittenVariables = getOverwrittenVariables(topLevelModules);
      } else {
        overwrittenVariables = getOverwrittenVariables(getInputs());
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Extracts all module (.pcm) files from potentialModules and returns a Variables object where
   * their exec paths are added to the value "module_files".
   */
  private static CcToolchainVariables getOverwrittenVariables(
      NestedSet<Artifact> potentialModules) {
    ImmutableList.Builder<String> usedModulePaths = ImmutableList.builder();
    for (Artifact input : potentialModules.toList()) {
      if (input.isFileType(CppFileTypes.CPP_MODULE)) {
        usedModulePaths.add(input.getExecPathString());
      }
    }
    CcToolchainVariables.Builder variableBuilder = CcToolchainVariables.builder();
    variableBuilder.addStringSequenceVariable("module_files", usedModulePaths.build());
    return variableBuilder.build();
  }

  public CcToolchainVariables getOverwrittenVariables() {
    return overwrittenVariables;
  }

  @Override
  public NestedSet<Artifact> getAllowedDerivedInputs() {
    return NestedSetBuilder.fromNestedSet(mandatoryInputs)
        .addTransitive(additionalPrunableHeaders)
        .addTransitive(inputsForInvalidation)
        .addTransitive(getDeclaredIncludeSrcs())
        .addTransitive(ccCompilationContext.getTransitiveModules(usePic))
        .add(getSourceFile())
        .build();
  }

  /**
   * Called by {@link com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ActionCacheChecker}
   *
   * <p>If this is compiling a module, restores the value of {@link #discoveredModules}, which is
   * used to create the {@link com.google.devtools.build.lib.skyframe.ActionExecutionValue} after an
   * action cache hit.
   */
  @Override
  public synchronized void updateInputs(NestedSet<Artifact> inputs) {
    super.updateInputs(inputs);
    if (outputFile.isFileType(CppFileTypes.CPP_MODULE)) {
      discoveredModules =
          NestedSetBuilder.wrap(
              Order.STABLE_ORDER,
              Iterables.filter(
                  inputs.toList(), input -> input.isFileType(CppFileTypes.CPP_MODULE)));
    }
  }

  @Override
  protected String getRawProgressMessage() {
    return "Compiling " + getSourceFile().prettyPrint();
  }

  /**
   * Return the directories in which to look for headers (pertains to headers not specifically
   * listed in {@code declaredIncludeSrcs}).
   */
  public NestedSet<PathFragment> getDeclaredIncludeDirs() {
    return ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeDirs();
  }

  /** Return explicitly listed header files. */
  @Override
  public NestedSet<Artifact> getDeclaredIncludeSrcs() {
    return ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeSrcs();
  }

  /**
   * Estimate resource consumption when this action is executed locally.
   */
  public ResourceSet estimateResourceConsumptionLocal() {
    return AbstractAction.DEFAULT_RESOURCE_SET;
  }

  @Override
  public boolean isShareable() {
    return shareable;
  }

  /** For actions that discover inputs, the key must include input names. */
  @Override
  public void computeKey(ActionKeyContext actionKeyContext, Fingerprint fp)
      throws CommandLineExpansionException {
    computeKey(
        actionKeyContext,
        fp,
        actionClassId,
        env,
        compileCommandLine.getEnvironment(),
        executionInfo,
        getCommandLineKey(),
        ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeSrcs(),
        getMandatoryInputs(),
        additionalPrunableHeaders,
        ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeDirs(),
        builtInIncludeDirectories,
        inputsForInvalidation,
        cppConfiguration.validateTopLevelHeaderInclusions());
  }

  // Separated into a helper method so that it can be called from CppCompileActionTemplate.
  static void computeKey(
      ActionKeyContext actionKeyContext,
      Fingerprint fp,
      UUID actionClassId,
      ActionEnvironment env,
      Map<String, String> environmentVariables,
      Map<String, String> executionInfo,
      byte[] commandLineKey,
      NestedSet<Artifact> declaredIncludeSrcs,
      NestedSet<Artifact> mandatoryInputs,
      NestedSet<Artifact> prunableHeaders,
      NestedSet<PathFragment> declaredIncludeDirs,
      List<PathFragment> builtInIncludeDirectories,
      NestedSet<Artifact> inputsForInvalidation,
      boolean validateTopLevelHeaderInclusions) {
    fp.addUUID(actionClassId);
    env.addTo(fp);
    fp.addStringMap(environmentVariables);
    fp.addStringMap(executionInfo);
    fp.addBytes(commandLineKey);
    fp.addBoolean(validateTopLevelHeaderInclusions);

    actionKeyContext.addNestedSetToFingerprint(fp, declaredIncludeSrcs);
    fp.addInt(0); // mark the boundary between input types
    actionKeyContext.addNestedSetToFingerprint(fp, mandatoryInputs);
    fp.addInt(0);
    actionKeyContext.addNestedSetToFingerprint(fp, prunableHeaders);

    /*
     * getArguments() above captures all changes which affect the compilation command and hence the
     * contents of the object file. But we need to also make sure that we re-execute the action if
     * any of the fields that affect whether {@link #validateInclusions} will report an error or
     * warning have changed, otherwise we might miss some errors.
     */
    actionKeyContext.addNestedSetToFingerprint(fp, declaredIncludeDirs);
    fp.addPaths(builtInIncludeDirectories);

    // This is needed for CppLinkstampCompile.
    fp.addInt(0);
    actionKeyContext.addNestedSetToFingerprint(fp, inputsForInvalidation);
  }

  private byte[] getCommandLineKey() throws CommandLineExpansionException {
    if (commandLineKey == null) {
      // For the argv part of the cache key, ignore all compiler flags that explicitly denote module
      // file (.pcm) inputs. Depending on input discovery, some of the unused ones are removed from
      // the command line. However, these actually don't have an influence on the compile itself and
      // so ignoring them for the cache key calculation does not affect correctness. The compile
      // itself is fully determined by the input source files and module maps.
      // A better long-term solution would be to make the compiler to find them automatically and
      // never hand in the .pcm files explicitly on the command line in the first place.
      commandLineKey = computeCommandLineKey(getCompilerOptions());
    }
    return commandLineKey;
  }

  static byte[] computeCommandLineKey(List<String> compilerOptions) {
    Fingerprint fp = new Fingerprint();
    fp.addStrings(compilerOptions);
    return fp.digestAndReset();
  }

  @Override
  public ActionContinuationOrResult beginExecution(ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext)
      throws ActionExecutionException, InterruptedException {
    setModuleFileFlags();
    if (featureConfiguration.isEnabled(CppRuleClasses.COMPIILER_PARAM_FILE)) {
      try {
        paramFileActionInput =
            new ParamFileActionInput(
                paramFilePath,
                compileCommandLine.getCompilerOptions(overwrittenVariables),
                // TODO(b/132888308): Support MSVC, which has its own method of escaping strings.
                ParameterFileType.GCC_QUOTED,
                StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1);
      } catch (CommandLineExpansionException e) {
        throw new ActionExecutionException(
            "failed to generate compile command for rule '"
                + getOwner().getLabel()
                + ": "
                + e.getMessage(),
            this,
            /* catastrophe= */ false);
      }
    }

    if (!shouldScanDotdFiles()) {
      updateActionInputs(additionalInputs);
    }

    ActionExecutionContext spawnContext;
    ShowIncludesFilter showIncludesFilterForStdout;
    ShowIncludesFilter showIncludesFilterForStderr;
    if (featureConfiguration.isEnabled(CppRuleClasses.PARSE_SHOWINCLUDES)) {
      showIncludesFilterForStdout = new ShowIncludesFilter(getSourceFile().getFilename());
      showIncludesFilterForStderr = new ShowIncludesFilter(getSourceFile().getFilename());
      FileOutErr originalOutErr = actionExecutionContext.getFileOutErr();
      FileOutErr tempOutErr = originalOutErr.childOutErr();
      spawnContext = actionExecutionContext.withFileOutErr(tempOutErr);
    } else {
      spawnContext = actionExecutionContext;
      showIncludesFilterForStdout = null;
      showIncludesFilterForStderr = null;
    }

    Spawn spawn;
    try {
      spawn = createSpawn(actionExecutionContext.getClientEnv());
    } finally {
      clearAdditionalInputs();
    }

    SpawnContinuation spawnContinuation =
        actionExecutionContext.getContext(SpawnStrategy.class).beginExecution(spawn, spawnContext);
    return new CppCompileActionContinuation(
        actionExecutionContext,
        spawnContext,
        showIncludesFilterForStdout,
        showIncludesFilterForStderr,
        spawnContinuation);
  }

  protected byte[] getDotDContents(SpawnResult spawnResult) throws EnvironmentalExecException {
    if (getDotdFile() != null) {
      InputStream in = spawnResult.getInMemoryOutput(getDotdFile());
      if (in != null) {
        try {
          return ByteStreams.toByteArray(in);
        } catch (IOException e) {
          throw new EnvironmentalExecException("Reading in-memory .d file failed", e);
        }
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

  protected Spawn createSpawn(Map<String, String> clientEnv) throws ActionExecutionException {
    // Intentionally not adding {@link CppCompileAction#inputsForInvalidation}, those are not needed
    // for execution.
    NestedSetBuilder<ActionInput> inputsBuilder =
        NestedSetBuilder.<ActionInput>stableOrder()
            .addTransitive(getMandatoryInputs())
            .addTransitive(getAdditionalInputs());
    if (getParamFileActionInput() != null) {
      inputsBuilder.add(getParamFileActionInput());
    }
    NestedSet<ActionInput> inputs = inputsBuilder.build();

    ImmutableMap<String, String> executionInfo = getExecutionInfo();
    if (getDotdFile() != null && useInMemoryDotdFiles()) {
      /*
       * CppCompileAction does dotd file scanning locally inside the Bazel process and thus
       * requires the dotd file contents to be available locally. In remote execution, we
       * generally don't want to stage all remote outputs on the local file system and thus
       * we need to tell the remote strategy (if any) to at least make the .d file available
       * in-memory. We can do that via
       * {@link ExecutionRequirements.REMOTE_EXECUTION_INLINE_OUTPUTS}.
       */
      executionInfo =
          ImmutableMap.<String, String>builderWithExpectedSize(executionInfo.size() + 1)
              .putAll(executionInfo)
              .put(
                  ExecutionRequirements.REMOTE_EXECUTION_INLINE_OUTPUTS,
                  getDotdFile().getExecPathString())
              .build();
    }

    try {
      return new SimpleSpawn(
          this,
          ImmutableList.copyOf(getArguments()),
          getEnvironment(clientEnv),
          executionInfo,
          inputs,
          getOutputs(),
          estimateResourceConsumptionLocal());
    } catch (CommandLineExpansionException e) {
      throw new ActionExecutionException(
          "failed to generate compile command for rule '"
              + getOwner().getLabel()
              + ": "
              + e.getMessage(),
          this,
          /* catastrophe= */ false);
    }
  }

  @VisibleForTesting
  public NestedSet<Artifact> discoverInputsFromShowIncludesFilters(
      Path execRoot,
      ArtifactResolver artifactResolver,
      ShowIncludesFilter showIncludesFilterForStdout,
      ShowIncludesFilter showIncludesFilterForStderr,
      boolean siblingRepositoryLayout)
      throws ActionExecutionException {
    if (!needsDotdInputPruning) {
      return NestedSetBuilder.emptySet(Order.STABLE_ORDER);
    }
    ImmutableList.Builder<Path> dependencies = new ImmutableList.Builder<>();
    dependencies.addAll(showIncludesFilterForStdout.getDependencies(execRoot));
    dependencies.addAll(showIncludesFilterForStderr.getDependencies(execRoot));
    HeaderDiscovery.Builder discoveryBuilder =
        new HeaderDiscovery.Builder()
            .setAction(this)
            .setSourceFile(getSourceFile())
            .setDependencies(dependencies.build())
            .setPermittedSystemIncludePrefixes(getPermittedSystemIncludePrefixes(execRoot))
            .setAllowedDerivedInputs(getAllowedDerivedInputs());

    if (needsIncludeValidation) {
      discoveryBuilder.shouldValidateInclusions();
    }

    return discoveryBuilder
        .build()
        .discoverInputsFromDependencies(execRoot, artifactResolver, siblingRepositoryLayout);
  }

  @VisibleForTesting
  public NestedSet<Artifact> discoverInputsFromDotdFiles(
      ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext,
      Path execRoot,
      ArtifactResolver artifactResolver,
      byte[] dotDContents,
      boolean siblingRepositoryLayout)
      throws ActionExecutionException {
    if (!needsDotdInputPruning || getDotdFile() == null) {
      return NestedSetBuilder.emptySet(Order.STABLE_ORDER);
    }
    HeaderDiscovery.Builder discoveryBuilder =
        new HeaderDiscovery.Builder()
            .setAction(this)
            .setSourceFile(getSourceFile())
            .setDependencies(
                processDepset(actionExecutionContext, execRoot, dotDContents).getDependencies())
            .setPermittedSystemIncludePrefixes(getPermittedSystemIncludePrefixes(execRoot))
            .setAllowedDerivedInputs(getAllowedDerivedInputs());

    if (needsIncludeValidation) {
      discoveryBuilder.shouldValidateInclusions();
    }

    return discoveryBuilder
        .build()
        .discoverInputsFromDependencies(execRoot, artifactResolver, siblingRepositoryLayout);
  }

  public DependencySet processDepset(
      ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext, Path execRoot, byte[] dotDContents)
      throws ActionExecutionException {
    try {
      DependencySet depSet = new DependencySet(execRoot);
      if (dotDContents != null && cppConfiguration.getInmemoryDotdFiles()) {
        return depSet.process(dotDContents);
      }
      return depSet.read(actionExecutionContext.getInputPath(getDotdFile()));
    } catch (IOException e) {
      // Some kind of IO or parse exception--wrap & rethrow it to stop the build.
      throw new ActionExecutionException(
          "error while parsing .d file: " + e.getMessage(), e, this, false);
    }
  }

  public List<Path> getPermittedSystemIncludePrefixes(Path execRoot) {
    List<Path> systemIncludePrefixes = new ArrayList<>();
    for (PathFragment includePath : getBuiltInIncludeDirectories()) {
      if (includePath.isAbsolute()) {
        systemIncludePrefixes.add(execRoot.getFileSystem().getPath(includePath));
      }
    }
    return systemIncludePrefixes;
  }

  /**
   * Gcc only creates ".gcno" files if the compilation unit is non-empty. To ensure that the set of
   * outputs for a CppCompileAction remains consistent and doesn't vary dynamically depending on the
   * _contents_ of the input files, we create empty ".gcno" files if gcc didn't create them.
   */
  private void ensureCoverageNotesFilesExist(ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext)
      throws ActionExecutionException {
    for (Artifact output : getOutputs()) {
      if (output.isFileType(CppFileTypes.COVERAGE_NOTES)) { // ".gcno"
        Path outputPath = actionExecutionContext.getInputPath(output);
        if (outputPath.exists()) {
          continue;
        }
        try {
          FileSystemUtils.createEmptyFile(outputPath);
        } catch (IOException e) {
          throw new ActionExecutionException(
              "Error creating file '" + outputPath + "': " + e.getMessage(), e, this, false);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * When compiling with modules, the C++ compile action only has the {@code .pcm} files on its
   * inputs, which is not enough for extra actions that parse header files. Thus, re-run include
   * scanning and add headers to the inputs of the extra action, too.
   *
   * <p>This method returns null when a required SkyValue is missing and a Skyframe restart is
   * required.
   */
  @Nullable
  @Override
  public NestedSet<Artifact> getInputFilesForExtraAction(
      ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext)
      throws ActionExecutionException, InterruptedException {
    try {
      IncludeScanningHeaderData.Builder includeScanningHeaderData =
          ccCompilationContext.createIncludeScanningHeaderData(
              actionExecutionContext.getEnvironmentForDiscoveringInputs(),
              usePic,
              useHeaderModules,
              ccCompilationContext.getTransitiveHeaderInfos());
      if (includeScanningHeaderData == null) {
        return null;
      }
      NestedSet<Artifact> discoveredInputs =
          findUsedHeaders(
              actionExecutionContext,
              includeScanningHeaderData
                  .setSystemIncludeDirs(getSystemIncludeDirs())
                  .setCmdlineIncludes(getCmdlineIncludes(getCompilerOptions()))
                  .build());
      return discoveredInputs;
    } catch (CommandLineExpansionException e) {
      throw new ActionExecutionException(
          "failed to generate compile environment variables for rule '"
              + getOwner().getLabel()
              + ": "
              + e.getMessage(),
          this,
          /* catastrophe= */ false);
    }
  }

  static String actionNameToMnemonic(String actionName) {
    switch (actionName) {
      case CppActionNames.OBJC_COMPILE:
      case CppActionNames.OBJCPP_COMPILE:
        return "ObjcCompile";

      case CppActionNames.LINKSTAMP_COMPILE:
        // When compiling shared native deps, e.g. when two java_binary rules have the same set of
        // native dependencies, the CppCompileAction for link stamp data is shared also. This means
        // that out of two CppCompileAction instances, only one is actually executed, which means
        // that if extra actions are attached to both, one of the extra actions will find a
        // CppCompileAction for which discoverInputs() hasn't been called and thus trigger an
        // assertion. As a band-aid, change the mnemonic of said actions so that one can attach
        // extra actions to regular CppCompileActions without tickling this bug.
        return "CppLinkstampCompile";

      default:
        return "CppCompile";
    }
  }

  @Override
  public String getMnemonic() {
    return actionNameToMnemonic(actionName);
  }

  @Override
  public String describeKey() {
    StringBuilder message = new StringBuilder();
    message.append(getProgressMessage());
    message.append('\n');
    // Outputting one argument per line makes it easier to diff the results.
    // The first element in getArguments() is actually the command to execute.
    String legend = "  Command: ";
    try {
      for (String argument : ShellEscaper.escapeAll(getArguments())) {
        message.append(legend);
        message.append(argument);
        message.append('\n');
        legend = "  Argument: ";
      }
    } catch (CommandLineExpansionException e) {
      message.append("  Could not expand command line: ");
      message.append(e);
      message.append('\n');
    }

    for (PathFragment path : ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeDirs().toList()) {
      message.append("  Declared include directory: ");
      message.append(ShellEscaper.escapeString(path.getPathString()));
      message.append('\n');
    }

    for (Artifact src : getDeclaredIncludeSrcs().toList()) {
      message.append("  Declared include source: ");
      message.append(ShellEscaper.escapeString(src.getExecPathString()));
      message.append('\n');
    }

    return message.toString();
  }

  @Override
  public boolean hasLooseHeaders() {
    return hasLooseHeaders(ccCompilationContext, featureConfiguration);
  }

  // Separated into a helper method so that it can be called from CppCompileActionTemplate.
  static boolean hasLooseHeaders(
      CcCompilationContext ccCompilationContext, FeatureConfiguration featureConfiguration) {
    // Layering check is stricter than hdrs_check = strict, so when it's enabled, there can't be
    // loose headers.
    return ccCompilationContext
            .getHeadersCheckingMode()
            .equals(CppConfiguration.HeadersCheckingMode.LOOSE)
        && !(featureConfiguration.isEnabled(CppRuleClasses.LAYERING_CHECK)
            && featureConfiguration.isEnabled(CppRuleClasses.PARSE_HEADERS));
  }

  public CompileCommandLine getCompileCommandLine() {
    return compileCommandLine;
  }

  /**
   * For the given {@code usedModules}, looks up modules discovered by their generating actions.
   *
   * <p>The returned value only contains a map from elements of {@code usedModules} to the {@link
   * #discoveredModules} required to use them. If dependent actions have not been executed yet (and
   * thus {@link #discoveredModules} aren't known yet, returns null.
   */
  @Nullable
  private static Map<Artifact, NestedSet<? extends Artifact>> computeTransitivelyUsedModules(
      SkyFunction.Environment env, Collection<Artifact.DerivedArtifact> usedModules)
      throws InterruptedException {
    Map<SkyKey, SkyValue> actionExecutionValues =
        env.getValues(
            Iterables.transform(usedModules, Artifact.DerivedArtifact::getGeneratingActionKey));
    if (env.valuesMissing()) {
      return null;
    }
    ImmutableMap.Builder<Artifact, NestedSet<? extends Artifact>> transitivelyUsedModules =
        ImmutableMap.builderWithExpectedSize(usedModules.size());
    for (Artifact.DerivedArtifact module : usedModules) {
      Preconditions.checkState(
          module.isFileType(CppFileTypes.CPP_MODULE), "Non-module? %s", module);
      ActionExecutionValue value =
          Preconditions.checkNotNull(
              (ActionExecutionValue) actionExecutionValues.get(module.getGeneratingActionKey()),
              module);
      transitivelyUsedModules.put(module, value.getDiscoveredModules());
    }
    return transitivelyUsedModules.build();
  }

  private final class CppCompileActionContinuation extends ActionContinuationOrResult {
    private final ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext;
    private final ActionExecutionContext spawnExecutionContext;
    private final ShowIncludesFilter showIncludesFilterForStdout;
    private final ShowIncludesFilter showIncludesFilterForStderr;
    private final SpawnContinuation spawnContinuation;

    public CppCompileActionContinuation(
        ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext,
        ActionExecutionContext spawnExecutionContext,
        ShowIncludesFilter showIncludesFilterForStdout,
        ShowIncludesFilter showIncludesFilterForStderr,
        SpawnContinuation spawnContinuation) {
      this.actionExecutionContext = actionExecutionContext;
      this.spawnExecutionContext = spawnExecutionContext;
      this.showIncludesFilterForStdout = showIncludesFilterForStdout;
      this.showIncludesFilterForStderr = showIncludesFilterForStderr;
      this.spawnContinuation = spawnContinuation;
    }

    @Override
    public ListenableFuture<?> getFuture() {
      return spawnContinuation.getFuture();
    }

    @Override
    public ActionContinuationOrResult execute()
        throws ActionExecutionException, InterruptedException {
      List<SpawnResult> spawnResults;
      byte[] dotDContents;
      try {
        SpawnContinuation nextContinuation = spawnContinuation.execute();
        if (!nextContinuation.isDone()) {
          return new CppCompileActionContinuation(
              actionExecutionContext,
              spawnExecutionContext,
              showIncludesFilterForStdout,
              showIncludesFilterForStderr,
              nextContinuation);
        }
        spawnResults = nextContinuation.get();
        // SpawnActionContext guarantees that the first list entry exists and corresponds to the
        // executed spawn.
        dotDContents = getDotDContents(spawnResults.get(0));
      } catch (ExecException e) {
        copyTempOutErrToActionOutErr();
        throw e.toActionExecutionException(
            "C++ compilation of rule '" + getOwner().getLabel() + "'",
            actionExecutionContext.getVerboseFailures(),
            CppCompileAction.this);
      } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        copyTempOutErrToActionOutErr();
        throw e;
      }

      copyTempOutErrToActionOutErr();

      ensureCoverageNotesFilesExist(actionExecutionContext);

      if (!shouldScanDotdFiles()) {
        return ActionContinuationOrResult.of(ActionResult.create(spawnResults));
      }

      // This is the .d file scanning part.
      CppIncludeExtractionContext scanningContext =
          actionExecutionContext.getContext(CppIncludeExtractionContext.class);
      Path execRoot = actionExecutionContext.getExecRoot();
      boolean siblingRepositoryLayout =
          actionExecutionContext
              .getOptions()
              .getOptions(StarlarkSemanticsOptions.class)
              .experimentalSiblingRepositoryLayout;

      NestedSet<Artifact> discoveredInputs;
      if (featureConfiguration.isEnabled(CppRuleClasses.PARSE_SHOWINCLUDES)) {
        discoveredInputs =
            discoverInputsFromShowIncludesFilters(
                execRoot,
                scanningContext.getArtifactResolver(),
                showIncludesFilterForStdout,
                showIncludesFilterForStderr,
                siblingRepositoryLayout);
      } else {
        discoveredInputs =
            discoverInputsFromDotdFiles(
                actionExecutionContext,
                execRoot,
                scanningContext.getArtifactResolver(),
                dotDContents,
                siblingRepositoryLayout);
      }
      dotDContents = null; // Garbage collect in-memory .d contents.

      if (discoversInputs()) {
        // Post-execute "include scanning", which modifies the action inputs to match what the
        // compile action actually used by incorporating the results of .d file parsing.
        updateActionInputs(discoveredInputs);
      } else {
        Preconditions.checkState(
            discoveredInputs.isEmpty(),
            "Discovered inputs without discovering inputs? %s %s",
            discoveredInputs,
            this);
      }

      // hdrs_check: This cannot be switched off for C++ build actions,
      // because doing so would allow for incorrect builds.
      // HeadersCheckingMode.NONE should only be used for ObjC build actions.
      if (needsIncludeValidation) {
        validateInclusions(actionExecutionContext, discoveredInputs);
      }
      return ActionContinuationOrResult.of(ActionResult.create(spawnResults));
    }

    private void copyTempOutErrToActionOutErr() throws ActionExecutionException {
      // If parse_showincludes feature is enabled, instead of parsing dotD file we parse the
      // output of cl.exe caused by /showIncludes option.
      if (featureConfiguration.isEnabled(CppRuleClasses.PARSE_SHOWINCLUDES)) {
        try {
          FileOutErr tempOutErr = spawnExecutionContext.getFileOutErr();
          FileOutErr outErr = actionExecutionContext.getFileOutErr();
          tempOutErr.close();
          if (tempOutErr.hasRecordedStdout()) {
            try (InputStream in = tempOutErr.getOutputPath().getInputStream()) {
              ByteStreams.copy(
                  in,
                  showIncludesFilterForStdout.getFilteredOutputStream(outErr.getOutputStream()));
            }
          }
          if (tempOutErr.hasRecordedStderr()) {
            try (InputStream in = tempOutErr.getErrorPath().getInputStream()) {
              ByteStreams.copy(
                  in, showIncludesFilterForStderr.getFilteredOutputStream(outErr.getErrorStream()));
            }
          }
        } catch (IOException e) {
          throw new EnvironmentalExecException(e)
              .toActionExecutionException(
                  getRawProgressMessage(),
                  actionExecutionContext.getVerboseFailures(),
                  CppCompileAction.this);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}