Starlark build configuration is Bazel's API for customizing how your project builds.
This makes it possible to:
define custom flags for your project, obsoleting the need for --define
write transitions to configure deps in different configurations than their parents (e.g. --compilation_mode=opt or --cpu=arm)
bake better defaults into rules (e.g. automatically build //my:android_app with a specified SDK)
and more, all completely from .bzl files (no Bazel release required).
As of Q4'19, everything documented here works but may have memory and performance consequences as we work on scaling concerns. Related issues:
A build setting is a single piece of configuration information. Think of a configuration as a key/value map. Setting --cpu=ppc and --copt="-DFoo" produces a configuration that looks like {cpu: ppc, copt: "-DFoo"}. Each entry is a build setting.
Traditional flags like cpu and copt are native settings i.e. their keys are defined and their values are set inside native bazel java code. Bazel users can only read and write them via the command line and other APIs maintained natively. Changing native flags, and the APIs that expose them, requires a bazel release. User-defined build settings are defined in .bzl files (and thus, don‘t need a bazel release to register changes). They also can be set via the command line (if they’re designated as flags, see more below), but can also be set via user-defined transitions.
build_setting rule() ParameterBuild settings are rules like any other rule and are differentiated using the Starlark rule() function's build_setting attribute.
# example/buildsettings/build_settings.bzl string_flag = rule( implementation = _impl, build_setting = config.string(flag = True) )
The build_setting attribute takes a function that designates the type of the build setting. The type is limited to a set of basic Starlark types like bool and string. See the config module documentation for details. More complicated typing can be done in the rule's implementation function. More on this below.
The config function also takes an optional boolean parameter, flag, which is set to false by default. if flag is set to true, the build setting can be set on the command line by users as well as internally by rule writers via default values and transitions. Not all settings should be settable by users. For example if you as a rule writer have some debug mode that you‘d like to turn on inside test rules, you don’t want to give users the ability to indiscriminately turn on that feature inside other non-test rules.
ctx.build_setting_valueLike all rules, build setting rules have implementation functions. The basic Starlark-type value of the build settings can be accessed via the ctx.build_setting_value method. This method is only available to ctx objects of build setting rules. These implementation methods can directly forward the build settings value or do additional work on it, like type checking or more complex struct creation. Here's how you would implement an enum-typed build setting:
# example/buildsettings/build_settings.bzl TemperatureProvider = provider(fields = ['type']) temperatures = ["HOT", "LUKEWARM", "ICED"] def _impl(ctx): raw_temperature = ctx.build_setting_value if raw_temperature not in temperatures: fail(str(ctx.label) + " build setting allowed to take values {" + ", ".join(temperatures) + "} but was set to unallowed value " + raw_temperature) return TemperatureProvider(type = raw_temperature) temperature = rule( implementation = _impl, build_setting = config.string(flag = True) )
Note: if a rule depends on a build setting, it will receive whatever providers the build setting implementation function returns, like any other dependency. But all other references to the value of the build setting (e.g. in transitions) will see its basic Starlark-typed value, not this post implementation function value.
Rules defined with the build_setting parameter have an implicit mandatory build_setting_default attribute. This attribute takes on the same type as declared by the build_setting param.
# example/buildsettings/build_settings.bzl FlavorProvider = provider(fields = ['type']) def _impl(ctx): return FlavorProvider(type = ctx.build_setting_value) flavor = rule( implementation = _impl, build_setting = config.string(flag = True) )
# example/buildsettings/BUILD load("//example/buildsettings:build_settings.bzl", "flavor") flavor( name = "favorite_flavor", build_setting_default = "APPLE" )
A collection of the most common build setting rules can be found in skylib.
If a target would like to read a piece of configuration information, it can directly depend on the build setting via a regular attribute dependency.
# example/rules.bzl load("//example/buildsettings:build_settings.bzl", "FlavorProvider") def _rule_impl(ctx): if ctx.attr.flavor[FlavorProvider].type == "ORANGE": ... drink_rule = rule( implementation = _rule_impl, attrs = { "flavor": attr.label() } )
# example/BUILD load("//example:rules.bzl", "drink_rule") load("//example/buildsettings:build_settings.bzl", "flavor") flavor( name = "favorite_flavor", build_setting_default = "APPLE" ) drink_rule( name = "my_drink", flavor = ":favorite_flavor", )
Languages may wish to create a canonical set of build settings which all rules for that language depend on. Though the native concept of fragments no longer exists as a hardcoded object in Starlark configuration world, one way to translate this concept would be to use sets of common implicit attributes. For example:
# kotlin/rules.bzl _KOTLIN_CONFIG = { "_compiler": attr.label(default = "//kotlin/config:compiler-flag"), "_mode": attr.label(default = "//kotlin/config:mode-flag"), ... } ... kotlin_library = rule( implementation = _rule_impl, attrs = dicts.add({ "library-attr": attr.string() }, _KOTLIN_CONFIG) ) kotlin_binary = rule( implementation = _binary_impl, attrs = dicts.add({ "binary-attr": attr.label() }, _KOTLIN_CONFIG)
Build settings are set on the command line like any other flag. Boolean build settings understand no-prefixes and both equals and space syntaxes are supported. The name of build settings is their full target path:
$ bazel build //my/target --//example:favorite_flavor="PAMPLEMOUSSE"
There are plans to implement shorthand mapping of flag labels so users don't need to use their entire target path each time i.e.:
$ bazel build //my/target --cpu=k8 --noboolean_flag
instead of
$ bazel build //my/target --//third_party/bazel/src/main:cpu=k8 --no//my/project:boolean_flag
Unlike other build settings, label-typed settings cannot be defined using the build_setting rule parameter. Instead, bazel has two built-in rules: label_flag and label_setting. These rules forward the providers of the actual target to which the build setting is set. label_flag and label_setting can be read/written by transitions and label_flag can be set by the user like other build_setting rules can. Their only difference is they can't customely defined.
Label-typed settings will eventually replace the functionality of late-bound defaults. Late-bound default attributes are Label-typed attributes whose final values can be affected by configuration. In Starlark, this will replace the configuration_field API.
# example/rules.bzl MyProvider = provider(field = ["my_field"]) def _dep_impl(ctx): return MyProvider(my_field = "yeehaw") dep_rule = rule( implementation = _dep_impl ) def _parent_impl(ctx): if ctx.attr.my_field_provider[MyProvider] == "cowabunga": ... parent_rule = rule( implementation = _parent_impl, attrs = { "my_field_provider": attr.label() } )
# example/BUILD load("//example:rules.bzl", "dep_rule", "parent_rule") dep_rule(name = "dep") parent_rule(name = "parent", my_field_provider = ":my_field_provider") label_flag( name = "my_field_provider", build_setting_default = ":dep" )
TODO(bazel-team): Expand supported build setting types.
Users can configure attributes on build settings by using select(). Build setting targets can be passed to the flag_values attribute of config_setting. The value to match to the configuration is passed as a String then parsed to the type of the build setting for matching.
config_setting( name = "my_config", flag_values = { "//example:favorite_flavor": "MANGO" } )
A configuration transition is how we change configuration of configured targets in the build graph.
Transitions define configuration changes between rules. For example, a request like “compile my dependency for a different CPU than its parent” is handled by a transition.
Formally, a transition is a function from an input configuration to one or more output configurations. Most transitions are 1:1 e.g. “override the input configuration with --cpu=ppc”. 1:2+ transitions can also exist but come with special restrictions.
In Starlark, transitions are defined much like rules, with a defining transition() function and an implementation function.
# example/transitions/transitions.bzl def _impl(settings, attr): _ignore = (settings, attr) return {"//example:favorite_flavor" : "MINT"} hot_chocolate_transition = transition( implementation = _impl, inputs = [], outputs = ["//example:favorite_flavor"] )
The transition() function takes in an implementation function, a set of build settings to read(inputs), and a set of build settings to write (outputs). The implementation function has two parameters, settings and attr. settings is a dictionary {String:Object} of all settings declared in the inputs parameter to transition().
attr is a dictionary of attributes and values of the rule to which the transition is attached. When attached as an outgoing edge transition, the values of these attributes are all configured i.e. post-select() resolution. When attached as an incoming edge transition, attr does not include any attributes that use a selector to resolve their value. If an incoming edge transition on --foo reads attribute bar and then also selects on --foo to set attribute bar, then there's a chance for the incoming edge transition to read the wrong value of bar in the transition.
Note: since transitions are attached to rule definitions and select()s are attached to rule instantiations (i.e. targets), errors related to select()s on read attributes will pop up when users create targets rather than when rules are written. It may be worth taking extra care to communicate to rule users which attributes they should be wary of selecting on or taking other precautions.
The implementation function must return a dictionary (or list of dictionaries, in the case of transitions with multiple output configurations) of new build settings values to apply. The returned dictionary keyset(s) must contain exactly the set of build settings passed to the outputs parameter of the transition function. This is true even if a build setting is not actually changed over the course of the transition - its original value must be explicitly passed through in the returned dictionary.
Outgoing edge transition can map a single input configuration to two or more output configurations. These are defined in Starlark by returning a list of dictionaries in the transition implementation function.
# example/transitions/transitions.bzl def _impl(settings, attr): _ignore = (settings, attr) return [ {"//example:favorite_flavor" : "LATTE"}, {"//example:favorite_flavor" : "MOCHA"}, ] coffee_transition = transition( implementation = _impl, inputs = [], outputs = ["//example:favorite_flavor"] )
Transitions can be attached in two places: incoming edges and outgoing edges. Effectively this means rules can transition their own configuration (incoming edge transition) and transition their dependencies' configurations (outgoing edge transition).
Incoming edge transitions are activated by attaching a transition object (created by transition()) to rule()'s cfg parameter:
# example/rules.bzl load("example/transitions:transitions.bzl", "hot_chocolate_transition") drink_rule = rule( implementation = _impl, cfg = hot_chocolate_transition, ...
Incoming edge transitions must be 1:1 transitions.
Outgoing edge transitions are activated by attaching a transition object (created by transition()) to an attribute's cfg parameter:
# example/rules.bzl load("example/transitions:transitions.bzl", "coffee_transition") drink_rule = rule( implementation = _impl, attrs = { "dep": attr.label(cfg = coffee_transition)} ...
Outgoing edge transitions can be 1:1 or 1:2+.
WARNING: This feature will be deprecated soon. Use at your own risk.
Starlark transitions can also declare reads and writes on native options via a special prefix to the option name.
# example/transitions/transitions.bzl def _impl(settings, attr): _ignore = (settings, attr) return {"//command_line_option:cpu": "k8"} cpu_transition = transition( implementation = _impl, inputs = [], outputs = ["//command_line_option:cpu"]
When attaching a transition to an outgoing edge (regardless of whether the transition is a 1:1 or 1:2+ transition) access to values of that attribute in the rule implementation changes. Access through ctx.attr is forced to be a list if it isn't already. The order of elements in this list is unspecified.
# example/transitions/rules.bzl def _transition_impl(settings, attr): return {"//example:favorite_flavor" : "LATTE"}, coffee_transition = transition( implementation = _transition_impl, inputs = [], outputs = ["//example:favorite_flavor"] ) def _rule_impl(ctx): # Note: List access even though "dep" is not declared as list transitioned_dep = ctx.attr.dep[0] # Note: Access doesn't change, other_deps was already a list for other dep in ctx.attr.other_deps: # ... coffee_rule = rule( implementation = _rule_impl, attrs = { "dep": attr.label(cfg = coffee_transition) "other_deps": attr.label_list(cfg = coffee_transition) })
Access to the value of a single branch of a 1:2+ has not been implemented yet.
Many native flags today, like --cpu and --crosstool_top are related to toolchain resolution. In the future, explicit transitions on these types of flags will likely be replaced by transitioning on the target platform