diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/BaseSpawn.java b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/BaseSpawn.java
index fe5cc2e..36ab4ad 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/BaseSpawn.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/BaseSpawn.java
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.analysis.platform.PlatformInfo;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.collect.nestedset.NestedSet;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.vfs.PathFragment;
-import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
   }
 
   @Override
-  public Collection<? extends ActionInput> getOutputFiles() {
+  public ImmutableSet<Artifact> getOutputFiles() {
     return action.getOutputs();
   }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/DelegateSpawn.java b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/DelegateSpawn.java
index 1a81087..1124523 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/DelegateSpawn.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/DelegateSpawn.java
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 
   private final Spawn spawn;
 
-  public DelegateSpawn(Spawn spawn){
+  public DelegateSpawn(Spawn spawn) {
     this.spawn = spawn;
   }
 
@@ -74,6 +74,11 @@
   }
 
   @Override
+  public boolean isMandatoryOutput(ActionInput output) {
+    return spawn.isMandatoryOutput(output);
+  }
+
+  @Override
   public ActionExecutionMetadata getResourceOwner() {
     return spawn.getResourceOwner();
   }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/SimpleSpawn.java b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/SimpleSpawn.java
index 4dfbbf5..b96d631 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/SimpleSpawn.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/SimpleSpawn.java
@@ -22,13 +22,11 @@
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.collect.nestedset.NestedSet;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.collect.nestedset.NestedSetBuilder;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.collect.nestedset.Order;
+import java.util.Set;
 import javax.annotation.Nullable;
 import javax.annotation.concurrent.Immutable;
 
-/**
- * Immutable implementation of a Spawn that does not perform any processing on the parameters.
- * Prefer this over all other Spawn implementations.
- */
+/** Immutable implementation of a Spawn that does not perform any processing on the parameters. */
 @Immutable
 public final class SimpleSpawn implements Spawn {
   private final ActionExecutionMetadata owner;
@@ -41,6 +39,8 @@
   private final ImmutableMap<Artifact, ImmutableList<FilesetOutputSymlink>> filesetMappings;
   private final ImmutableList<? extends ActionInput> outputs;
   private final ResourceSet localResources;
+  // If null, all outputs are mandatory.
+  @Nullable private final Set<? extends ActionInput> mandatoryOutputs;
 
   public SimpleSpawn(
       ActionExecutionMetadata owner,
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
       NestedSet<? extends ActionInput> inputs,
       NestedSet<? extends ActionInput> tools,
       ImmutableSet<? extends ActionInput> outputs,
+      @Nullable Set<? extends ActionInput> mandatoryOutputs,
       ResourceSet localResources) {
     this.owner = Preconditions.checkNotNull(owner);
     this.arguments = Preconditions.checkNotNull(arguments);
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@
         runfilesSupplier == null ? EmptyRunfilesSupplier.INSTANCE : runfilesSupplier;
     this.filesetMappings = filesetMappings;
     this.outputs = Preconditions.checkNotNull(outputs).asList();
+    this.mandatoryOutputs = mandatoryOutputs;
     this.localResources = Preconditions.checkNotNull(localResources);
   }
 
@@ -73,7 +75,7 @@
       ImmutableMap<String, String> executionInfo,
       NestedSet<? extends ActionInput> inputs,
       ImmutableSet<? extends ActionInput> outputs,
-      ResourceSet localResources) {
+      ResourceSet resourceSet) {
     this(
         owner,
         arguments,
@@ -84,7 +86,8 @@
         inputs,
         NestedSetBuilder.emptySet(Order.STABLE_ORDER),
         outputs,
-        localResources);
+        /*mandatoryOutputs=*/ null,
+        resourceSet);
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -128,6 +131,11 @@
   }
 
   @Override
+  public boolean isMandatoryOutput(ActionInput output) {
+    return mandatoryOutputs == null || mandatoryOutputs.contains(output);
+  }
+
+  @Override
   public ActionExecutionMetadata getResourceOwner() {
     return owner;
   }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/Spawn.java b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/Spawn.java
index 7de04bd..cf47e42 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/Spawn.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/actions/Spawn.java
@@ -99,18 +99,35 @@
   NestedSet<? extends ActionInput> getInputFiles();
 
   /**
-   * Returns the collection of files that this command must write.  Callers should not mutate
-   * the result.
+   * Returns the collection of files that this command will write. Callers should not mutate the
+   * result.
    *
    * <p>This is for use with remote execution, so remote execution does not have to guess what
-   * outputs the process writes.  While the order does not affect the semantics, it should be
-   * stable so it can be cached.
+   * outputs the process writes. While the order does not affect the semantics, it should be stable
+   * so it can be cached.
    */
   Collection<? extends ActionInput> getOutputFiles();
 
   /**
-   * Returns the resource owner for local fallback.
+   * Returns true if {@code output} must be created for the action to succeed. Can be used by remote
+   * execution implementations to mark a command as failed if it did not create an output, even if
+   * the command itself exited with a successful exit code.
+   *
+   * <p>Some actions, like tests, may have optional files (like .xml files) that may be created, but
+   * are not required, so their spawns should return false for those optional files. Note that in
+   * general, every output in {@link ActionAnalysisMetadata#getOutputs} is checked for existence in
+   * {@link com.google.devtools.build.lib.skyframe.SkyframeActionExecutor#checkOutputs}, so
+   * eventually all those outputs must be produced by at least one {@code Spawn} for that action, or
+   * locally by the action in some cases.
+   *
+   * <p>This method should not be overridden by any new Spawns if possible: outputs should be
+   * mandatory.
    */
+  default boolean isMandatoryOutput(ActionInput output) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /** Returns the resource owner for local fallback. */
   ActionExecutionMetadata getResourceOwner();
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/actions/SpawnAction.java b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/actions/SpawnAction.java
index c356893..14c42dd 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/actions/SpawnAction.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/actions/SpawnAction.java
@@ -340,6 +340,11 @@
     return new ActionExecutionException(e, this, /*catastrophe=*/ false, detailedExitCode);
   }
 
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  public ResourceSetOrBuilder getResourceSetOrBuilder() {
+    return resourceSetOrBuilder;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Returns a Spawn that is representative of the command that this Action will execute. This
    * function must not modify any state.
@@ -361,12 +366,13 @@
         /*envResolved=*/ false,
         inputs,
         /*additionalInputs=*/ ImmutableList.of(),
-        /*filesetMappings=*/ ImmutableMap.of());
+        /*filesetMappings=*/ ImmutableMap.of(),
+        /*reportOutputs=*/ true);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Return a spawn that is representative of the command that this Action will execute in the given
-   * client environment.
+   * Returns a spawn that is representative of the command that this Action will execute in the
+   * given client environment.
    */
   public Spawn getSpawn(ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext)
       throws CommandLineExpansionException, InterruptedException {
@@ -374,7 +380,8 @@
         actionExecutionContext.getArtifactExpander(),
         actionExecutionContext.getClientEnv(),
         /*envResolved=*/ false,
-        actionExecutionContext.getTopLevelFilesets());
+        actionExecutionContext.getTopLevelFilesets(),
+        /*reportOutputs=*/ true);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -385,11 +392,12 @@
    *     effective environment. Otherwise they will be used as client environment to resolve the
    *     action env.
    */
-  Spawn getSpawn(
+  protected Spawn getSpawn(
       ArtifactExpander artifactExpander,
       Map<String, String> env,
       boolean envResolved,
-      Map<Artifact, ImmutableList<FilesetOutputSymlink>> filesetMappings)
+      Map<Artifact, ImmutableList<FilesetOutputSymlink>> filesetMappings,
+      boolean reportOutputs)
       throws CommandLineExpansionException, InterruptedException {
     ExpandedCommandLines expandedCommandLines =
         commandLines.expand(artifactExpander, getPrimaryOutput().getExecPath(), commandLineLimits);
@@ -399,7 +407,8 @@
         envResolved,
         getInputs(),
         expandedCommandLines.getParamFiles(),
-        filesetMappings);
+        filesetMappings,
+        reportOutputs);
   }
 
   Spawn getSpawnForExtraAction() throws CommandLineExpansionException, InterruptedException {
@@ -554,10 +563,11 @@
   }
 
   /** A spawn instance that is tied to a specific SpawnAction. */
-  private class ActionSpawn extends BaseSpawn {
+  private final class ActionSpawn extends BaseSpawn {
     private final NestedSet<ActionInput> inputs;
     private final Map<Artifact, ImmutableList<FilesetOutputSymlink>> filesetMappings;
     private final ImmutableMap<String, String> effectiveEnvironment;
+    private final boolean reportOutputs;
 
     /**
      * Creates an ActionSpawn with the given environment variables.
@@ -571,7 +581,8 @@
         boolean envResolved,
         NestedSet<Artifact> inputs,
         Iterable<? extends ActionInput> additionalInputs,
-        Map<Artifact, ImmutableList<FilesetOutputSymlink>> filesetMappings)
+        Map<Artifact, ImmutableList<FilesetOutputSymlink>> filesetMappings,
+        boolean reportOutputs)
         throws CommandLineExpansionException {
       super(
           arguments,
@@ -592,16 +603,15 @@
       this.inputs = inputsBuilder.build();
       this.filesetMappings = filesetMappings;
 
-      /**
-       * If the action environment is already resolved using the client environment, the given
-       * environment variables are used as they are. Otherwise, they are used as clientEnv to
-       * resolve the action environment variables
-       */
+      // If the action environment is already resolved using the client environment, the given
+      // environment variables are used as they are. Otherwise, they are used as clientEnv to
+      // resolve the action environment variables.
       if (envResolved) {
         effectiveEnvironment = ImmutableMap.copyOf(env);
       } else {
         effectiveEnvironment = SpawnAction.this.getEffectiveEnvironment(env);
       }
+      this.reportOutputs = reportOutputs;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -618,6 +628,11 @@
     public NestedSet<? extends ActionInput> getInputFiles() {
       return inputs;
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public ImmutableSet<Artifact> getOutputFiles() {
+      return reportOutputs ? super.getOutputFiles() : ImmutableSet.of();
+    }
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/actions/StarlarkAction.java b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/actions/StarlarkAction.java
index 867f2dd..e064869 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/actions/StarlarkAction.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/actions/StarlarkAction.java
@@ -324,7 +324,8 @@
         actionExecutionContext.getArtifactExpander(),
         getEffectiveEnvironment(actionExecutionContext.getClientEnv()),
         /*envResolved=*/ true,
-        actionExecutionContext.getTopLevelFilesets());
+        actionExecutionContext.getTopLevelFilesets(),
+        /*reportOutputs=*/ true);
   }
 
   @Override
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/extra/ExtraAction.java b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/extra/ExtraAction.java
index 342f3a4..f6e6d06 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/extra/ExtraAction.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/extra/ExtraAction.java
@@ -26,12 +26,14 @@
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ActionExecutionException;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.Artifact;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.CommandLine;
+import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.CommandLineExpansionException;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.CommandLines;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.CommandLines.CommandLineLimits;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.CompositeRunfilesSupplier;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.EnvironmentalExecException;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.ExecException;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.RunfilesSupplier;
+import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.Spawn;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.SpawnResult;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.analysis.actions.SpawnAction;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.collect.nestedset.NestedSet;
@@ -54,17 +56,8 @@
   private final boolean createDummyOutput;
   private final NestedSet<Artifact> extraActionInputs;
 
-  /**
-   * A long way to say (ExtraAction xa) -> xa.getShadowedAction().
-   */
   public static final Function<ExtraAction, Action> GET_SHADOWED_ACTION =
-      new Function<ExtraAction, Action>() {
-        @Nullable
-        @Override
-        public Action apply(@Nullable ExtraAction extraAction) {
-          return extraAction != null ? extraAction.getShadowedAction() : null;
-        }
-      };
+      e -> e != null ? e.getShadowedAction() : null;
 
   ExtraAction(
       NestedSet<Artifact> extraActionInputs,
@@ -154,6 +147,20 @@
   }
 
   @Override
+  public Spawn getSpawn(ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext)
+      throws CommandLineExpansionException, InterruptedException {
+    if (!createDummyOutput) {
+      return super.getSpawn(actionExecutionContext);
+    }
+    return getSpawn(
+        actionExecutionContext.getArtifactExpander(),
+        actionExecutionContext.getClientEnv(),
+        /*envResolved=*/ false,
+        actionExecutionContext.getTopLevelFilesets(),
+        /*reportOutputs=*/ false);
+  }
+
+  @Override
   protected void afterExecute(
       ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext, List<SpawnResult> spawnResults)
       throws ExecException {
@@ -171,9 +178,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Returns the action this extra action is 'shadowing'.
-   */
+  /** Returns the action this extra action is 'shadowing'. */
   public Action getShadowedAction() {
     return shadowedAction;
   }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/exec/StandaloneTestStrategy.java b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/exec/StandaloneTestStrategy.java
index 569e419..ef99dae 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/exec/StandaloneTestStrategy.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/exec/StandaloneTestStrategy.java
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@
                 ? action.getTools()
                 : NestedSetBuilder.emptySet(Order.STABLE_ORDER),
             createSpawnOutputs(action),
+            /*mandatoryOutputs=*/ ImmutableSet.of(),
             localResourceUsage);
     Path execRoot = actionExecutionContext.getExecRoot();
     ArtifactPathResolver pathResolver = actionExecutionContext.getPathResolver();
@@ -558,13 +559,10 @@
             Order.STABLE_ORDER, action.getTestXmlGeneratorScript(), action.getTestLog()),
         /*tools=*/ NestedSetBuilder.emptySet(Order.STABLE_ORDER),
         /*outputs=*/ ImmutableSet.of(createArtifactOutput(action, action.getXmlOutputPath())),
+        /*mandatoryOutputs=*/ null,
         SpawnAction.DEFAULT_RESOURCE_SET);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * A spawn to generate a test.xml file from the test log. This is only used if the test does not
-   * generate a test.xml file itself.
-   */
   private static Spawn createCoveragePostProcessingSpawn(
       ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext,
       TestRunnerAction action,
@@ -588,8 +586,8 @@
         ImmutableMap.copyOf(testEnvironment),
         ImmutableMap.copyOf(action.getExecutionInfo()),
         action.getLcovMergerRunfilesSupplier(),
-        /* filesetMappings= */ ImmutableMap.of(),
-        /* inputs= */ NestedSetBuilder.<ActionInput>compileOrder()
+        /*filesetMappings=*/ ImmutableMap.of(),
+        /*inputs=*/ NestedSetBuilder.<ActionInput>compileOrder()
             .addTransitive(action.getInputs())
             .addAll(expandedCoverageDir)
             .add(action.getCollectCoverageScript())
@@ -597,9 +595,10 @@
             .add(action.getCoverageManifest())
             .addTransitive(action.getLcovMergerFilesToRun().build())
             .build(),
-        /* tools= */ NestedSetBuilder.emptySet(Order.STABLE_ORDER),
-        /* outputs= */ ImmutableSet.of(
+        /*tools=*/ NestedSetBuilder.emptySet(Order.STABLE_ORDER),
+        /*outputs=*/ ImmutableSet.of(
             ActionInputHelper.fromPath(action.getCoverageData().getExecPath())),
+        /*mandatoryOutputs=*/ null,
         SpawnAction.DEFAULT_RESOURCE_SET);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteExecutionService.java b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteExecutionService.java
index c099347..6a5feb8 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteExecutionService.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteExecutionService.java
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
 import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
 import com.google.common.base.Strings;
+import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
@@ -1009,6 +1010,23 @@
       metadata = parseActionResultMetadata(action, result);
     }
 
+    // Check that all mandatory outputs are created.
+    for (ActionInput output : action.spawn.getOutputFiles()) {
+      if (action.spawn.isMandatoryOutput(output)) {
+        Path localPath = execRoot.getRelative(output.getExecPath());
+        if (!metadata.files.containsKey(localPath)
+            && !metadata.directories.containsKey(localPath)
+            && !metadata.symlinks.containsKey(localPath)) {
+          throw new IOException(
+              "Invalid action cache entry "
+                  + action.actionKey.getDigest().getHash()
+                  + ": expected output "
+                  + prettyPrint(output)
+                  + " does not exist.");
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
     FileOutErr outErr = action.spawnExecutionContext.getFileOutErr();
 
     ImmutableList.Builder<ListenableFuture<FileMetadata>> downloadsBuilder =
@@ -1120,24 +1138,56 @@
     return null;
   }
 
+  private static String prettyPrint(ActionInput actionInput) {
+    if (actionInput instanceof Artifact) {
+      return ((Artifact) actionInput).prettyPrint();
+    } else {
+      return actionInput.getExecPathString();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Single<UploadManifest> buildUploadManifestAsync(
+      RemoteAction action, SpawnResult spawnResult) {
+    return Single.fromCallable(
+        () -> {
+          ImmutableList.Builder<Path> outputFiles = ImmutableList.builder();
+          // Check that all mandatory outputs are created.
+          for (ActionInput outputFile : action.spawn.getOutputFiles()) {
+            Path localPath = execRoot.getRelative(outputFile.getExecPath());
+            if (action.spawn.isMandatoryOutput(outputFile) && !localPath.exists()) {
+              throw new IOException(
+                  "Expected output " + prettyPrint(outputFile) + " was not created locally.");
+            }
+            outputFiles.add(localPath);
+          }
+
+          return UploadManifest.create(
+              remoteOptions,
+              digestUtil,
+              remotePathResolver,
+              action.actionKey,
+              action.action,
+              action.command,
+              outputFiles.build(),
+              action.spawnExecutionContext.getFileOutErr(),
+              spawnResult.exitCode());
+        });
+  }
+
   @VisibleForTesting
   UploadManifest buildUploadManifest(RemoteAction action, SpawnResult spawnResult)
-      throws ExecException, IOException {
-    Collection<Path> outputFiles =
-        action.spawn.getOutputFiles().stream()
-            .map((inp) -> execRoot.getRelative(inp.getExecPath()))
-            .collect(ImmutableList.toImmutableList());
-
-    return UploadManifest.create(
-        remoteOptions,
-        digestUtil,
-        remotePathResolver,
-        action.actionKey,
-        action.action,
-        action.command,
-        outputFiles,
-        action.spawnExecutionContext.getFileOutErr(),
-        /* exitCode= */ 0);
+      throws IOException, ExecException, InterruptedException {
+    try {
+      return buildUploadManifestAsync(action, spawnResult).blockingGet();
+    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+      Throwable cause = e.getCause();
+      if (cause != null) {
+        Throwables.throwIfInstanceOf(cause, IOException.class);
+        Throwables.throwIfInstanceOf(cause, ExecException.class);
+        Throwables.throwIfInstanceOf(cause, InterruptedException.class);
+      }
+      throw e;
+    }
   }
 
   /** Upload outputs of a remote action which was executed locally to remote cache. */
@@ -1149,42 +1199,43 @@
         SpawnResult.Status.SUCCESS.equals(spawnResult.status()) && spawnResult.exitCode() == 0,
         "shouldn't upload outputs of failed local action");
 
-    try {
-      UploadManifest manifest = buildUploadManifest(action, spawnResult);
-      if (remoteOptions.remoteCacheAsync) {
-        Single.using(
-                remoteCache::retain,
-                remoteCache ->
-                    manifest.uploadAsync(
-                        action.getRemoteActionExecutionContext(), remoteCache, reporter),
-                RemoteCache::release)
-            .subscribeOn(scheduler)
-            .subscribe(
-                new SingleObserver<ActionResult>() {
-                  @Override
-                  public void onSubscribe(@NonNull Disposable d) {
-                    backgroundTaskPhaser.register();
-                  }
+    if (remoteOptions.remoteCacheAsync) {
+      Single.using(
+              remoteCache::retain,
+              remoteCache ->
+                  buildUploadManifestAsync(action, spawnResult)
+                      .flatMap(
+                          manifest ->
+                              manifest.uploadAsync(
+                                  action.getRemoteActionExecutionContext(), remoteCache, reporter)),
+              RemoteCache::release)
+          .subscribeOn(scheduler)
+          .subscribe(
+              new SingleObserver<ActionResult>() {
+                @Override
+                public void onSubscribe(@NonNull Disposable d) {
+                  backgroundTaskPhaser.register();
+                }
 
-                  @Override
-                  public void onSuccess(@NonNull ActionResult actionResult) {
-                    backgroundTaskPhaser.arriveAndDeregister();
-                  }
+                @Override
+                public void onSuccess(@NonNull ActionResult actionResult) {
+                  backgroundTaskPhaser.arriveAndDeregister();
+                }
 
-                  @Override
-                  public void onError(@NonNull Throwable e) {
-                    backgroundTaskPhaser.arriveAndDeregister();
-                    reportUploadError(e);
-                  }
-                });
-      } else {
-        try (SilentCloseable c =
-            Profiler.instance().profile(ProfilerTask.UPLOAD_TIME, "upload outputs")) {
-          manifest.upload(action.getRemoteActionExecutionContext(), remoteCache, reporter);
-        }
+                @Override
+                public void onError(@NonNull Throwable e) {
+                  backgroundTaskPhaser.arriveAndDeregister();
+                  reportUploadError(e);
+                }
+              });
+    } else {
+      try (SilentCloseable c =
+          Profiler.instance().profile(ProfilerTask.UPLOAD_TIME, "upload outputs")) {
+        UploadManifest manifest = buildUploadManifest(action, spawnResult);
+        manifest.upload(action.getRemoteActionExecutionContext(), remoteCache, reporter);
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        reportUploadError(e);
       }
-    } catch (IOException e) {
-      reportUploadError(e);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/UploadManifest.java b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/UploadManifest.java
index b9b3912..ae7755e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/UploadManifest.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/UploadManifest.java
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@
   /** Uploads outputs and action result (if exit code is 0) to remote cache. */
   public ActionResult upload(
       RemoteActionExecutionContext context, RemoteCache remoteCache, ExtendedEventHandler reporter)
-      throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+      throws IOException, InterruptedException, ExecException {
     try {
       return uploadAsync(context, remoteCache, reporter).blockingGet();
     } catch (RuntimeException e) {
@@ -358,6 +358,7 @@
       if (cause != null) {
         throwIfInstanceOf(cause, InterruptedException.class);
         throwIfInstanceOf(cause, IOException.class);
+        throwIfInstanceOf(cause, ExecException.class);
       }
       throw e;
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/rules/cpp/CppCompileAction.java b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/rules/cpp/CppCompileAction.java
index d3d33f7..eececf7 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/rules/cpp/CppCompileAction.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/rules/cpp/CppCompileAction.java
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.extra.EnvironmentVariable;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.extra.ExtraActionInfo;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.analysis.starlark.Args;
+import com.google.devtools.build.lib.bugreport.BugReport;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.cmdline.LabelConstants;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.collect.nestedset.NestedSet;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.collect.nestedset.NestedSetBuilder;
@@ -144,6 +145,7 @@
   private final boolean usePic;
   private final boolean useHeaderModules;
   protected final boolean needsIncludeValidation;
+  private final boolean hasCoverageArtifact;
 
   private final CcCompilationContext ccCompilationContext;
   private final ImmutableList<Artifact> builtinIncludeFiles;
@@ -306,6 +308,7 @@
               .getParentDirectory()
               .getChild(outputFile.getFilename() + ".params");
     }
+    this.hasCoverageArtifact = gcnoFile != null;
   }
 
   private static ImmutableSet<Artifact> collectOutputs(
@@ -316,6 +319,10 @@
       @Nullable Artifact ltoIndexingFile,
       ImmutableList<Artifact> additionalOutputs) {
     ImmutableSet.Builder<Artifact> outputs = ImmutableSet.builder();
+    // gcnoFile comes first because easy access to it is occasionally useful.
+    if (gcnoFile != null) {
+      outputs.add(gcnoFile);
+    }
     outputs.addAll(additionalOutputs);
     if (outputFile != null) {
       outputs.add(outputFile);
@@ -323,9 +330,6 @@
     if (dotdFile != null) {
       outputs.add(dotdFile);
     }
-    if (gcnoFile != null) {
-      outputs.add(gcnoFile);
-    }
     if (dwoFile != null) {
       outputs.add(dwoFile);
     }
@@ -1500,8 +1504,15 @@
           ImmutableList.copyOf(getArguments()),
           getEffectiveEnvironment(clientEnv),
           executionInfo.build(),
+          /*runfilesSupplier=*/ null,
+          /*filesetMappings=*/ ImmutableMap.of(),
           inputs,
+          /*tools=*/ NestedSetBuilder.emptySet(Order.STABLE_ORDER),
           getOutputs(),
+          // In coverage mode, .gcno file not produced for an empty translation unit.
+          /*mandatoryOutputs=*/ hasCoverageArtifact
+          ? ImmutableSet.copyOf(getOutputs().asList().subList(1, getOutputs().size()))
+          : null,
           estimateResourceConsumptionLocal(
               enabledCppCompileResourcesEstimation(),
               getMnemonic(),
@@ -1590,27 +1601,35 @@
   }
 
   /**
-   * Gcc only creates ".gcno" files if the compilation unit is non-empty. To ensure that the set of
+   * Gcc only creates a ".gcno" file if the compilation unit is non-empty. To ensure that the set of
    * outputs for a CppCompileAction remains consistent and doesn't vary dynamically depending on the
-   * _contents_ of the input files, we create empty ".gcno" files if gcc didn't create them.
+   * _contents_ of the input files, we create an empty ".gcno" file if gcc didn't create it.
    */
-  private void ensureCoverageNotesFilesExist(ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext)
+  private void ensureCoverageNotesFileExists(ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext)
       throws ActionExecutionException {
-    for (Artifact output : getOutputs()) {
-      if (output.isFileType(CppFileTypes.COVERAGE_NOTES)) { // ".gcno"
-        Path outputPath = actionExecutionContext.getInputPath(output);
-        if (outputPath.exists()) {
-          continue;
-        }
-        try {
-          FileSystemUtils.createEmptyFile(outputPath);
-        } catch (IOException e) {
-          String message = "Error creating file '" + outputPath + "': " + e.getMessage();
-          DetailedExitCode code =
-              createDetailedExitCode(message, Code.COVERAGE_NOTES_CREATION_FAILURE);
-          throw new ActionExecutionException(message, e, this, false, code);
-        }
-      }
+    if (!hasCoverageArtifact) {
+      return;
+    }
+    Artifact gcnoArtifact = getOutputs().iterator().next();
+    if (!gcnoArtifact.isFileType(CppFileTypes.COVERAGE_NOTES)) {
+      BugReport.sendBugReport(
+          new IllegalStateException(
+              "In coverage mode but gcno artifact is not first output: "
+                  + gcnoArtifact
+                  + ", "
+                  + this));
+      return;
+    }
+    Path outputPath = actionExecutionContext.getInputPath(gcnoArtifact);
+    if (outputPath.exists()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      FileSystemUtils.createEmptyFile(outputPath);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      String message = "Error creating file '" + outputPath + "': " + e.getMessage();
+      DetailedExitCode code = createDetailedExitCode(message, Code.COVERAGE_NOTES_CREATION_FAILURE);
+      throw new ActionExecutionException(message, e, this, false, code);
     }
   }
 
@@ -1822,7 +1841,7 @@
 
       copyTempOutErrToActionOutErr();
 
-      ensureCoverageNotesFilesExist(actionExecutionContext);
+      ensureCoverageNotesFileExists(actionExecutionContext);
 
       CppIncludeExtractionContext scanningContext =
           actionExecutionContext.getContext(CppIncludeExtractionContext.class);
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/rules/java/JavaCompileAction.java b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/rules/java/JavaCompileAction.java
index 6334786..31f97c2 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/rules/java/JavaCompileAction.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/rules/java/JavaCompileAction.java
@@ -317,7 +317,8 @@
         expandedCommandLines,
         getEffectiveEnvironment(actionExecutionContext.getClientEnv()),
         executionInfo,
-        inputs);
+        inputs,
+        /*onlyMandatoryOutput=*/ fallback ? null : outputDepsProto);
   }
 
   private JavaSpawn getFullSpawn(ActionExecutionContext actionExecutionContext)
@@ -344,7 +345,8 @@
             // .jdeps files, which have config prefixes in output paths, which compromise caching
             // possible by stripping prefixes on the executor.
             .addTransitive(dependencyArtifacts)
-            .build());
+            .build(),
+        /*onlyMandatoryOutput=*/ null);
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -481,12 +483,14 @@
 
   private final class JavaSpawn extends BaseSpawn {
     final NestedSet<ActionInput> inputs;
+    private final Artifact onlyMandatoryOutput;
 
     public JavaSpawn(
         CommandLines.ExpandedCommandLines expandedCommandLines,
         Map<String, String> environment,
         Map<String, String> executionInfo,
-        NestedSet<Artifact> inputs) {
+        NestedSet<Artifact> inputs,
+        @Nullable Artifact onlyMandatoryOutput) {
       super(
           ImmutableList.copyOf(expandedCommandLines.arguments()),
           environment,
@@ -494,6 +498,7 @@
           EmptyRunfilesSupplier.INSTANCE,
           JavaCompileAction.this,
           LOCAL_RESOURCES);
+      this.onlyMandatoryOutput = onlyMandatoryOutput;
       this.inputs =
           NestedSetBuilder.<ActionInput>fromNestedSet(inputs)
               .addAll(expandedCommandLines.getParamFiles())
@@ -504,6 +509,11 @@
     public NestedSet<? extends ActionInput> getInputFiles() {
       return inputs;
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isMandatoryOutput(ActionInput output) {
+      return onlyMandatoryOutput == null || onlyMandatoryOutput.equals(output);
+    }
   }
 
   @VisibleForTesting
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/rules/java/JavaCompileActionBuilder.java b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/rules/java/JavaCompileActionBuilder.java
index cc34c32..492deef 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/rules/java/JavaCompileActionBuilder.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/rules/java/JavaCompileActionBuilder.java
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.util.StringCanonicalizer;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.vfs.PathFragment;
 import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 import javax.annotation.Nullable;
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@
             .add(outputs.output())
             .addAll(additionalOutputs);
     Stream.of(outputs.depsProto(), outputs.nativeHeader(), genSourceOutput, manifestOutput)
-        .filter(x -> x != null)
+        .filter(Objects::nonNull)
         .forEachOrdered(result::add);
     return result.build();
   }
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/actions/SpawnActionTest.java b/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/actions/SpawnActionTest.java
index 3500634..30261ce 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/actions/SpawnActionTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/actions/SpawnActionTest.java
@@ -218,7 +218,8 @@
             (artifact, outputs) -> outputs.add(artifact),
             ImmutableMap.of(),
             /*envResolved=*/ false,
-            ImmutableMap.of());
+            ImmutableMap.of(),
+            /*reportOutputs=*/ true);
     String paramFileName = output.getExecPathString() + "-0.params";
     // The spawn's primary arguments should reference the param file
     assertThat(spawn.getArguments())
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/exec/util/SpawnBuilder.java b/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/exec/util/SpawnBuilder.java
index 60ec4d0..a3c4761 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/exec/util/SpawnBuilder.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/exec/util/SpawnBuilder.java
@@ -35,11 +35,10 @@
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
 import javax.annotation.Nullable;
 
-/**
- * Builder class to create {@link Spawn} instances for testing.
- */
+/** Builder class to create {@link Spawn} instances for testing. */
 public final class SpawnBuilder {
   private String mnemonic = "Mnemonic";
   private String progressMessage = "progress message";
@@ -52,6 +51,7 @@
   private ImmutableMap<String, String> execProperties = ImmutableMap.of();
   private final NestedSetBuilder<ActionInput> inputs = NestedSetBuilder.stableOrder();
   private final List<ActionInput> outputs = new ArrayList<>();
+  @Nullable private Set<? extends ActionInput> mandatoryOutputs;
   private final Map<Artifact, ImmutableList<FilesetOutputSymlink>> filesetMappings =
       new HashMap<>();
   private final NestedSetBuilder<ActionInput> tools = NestedSetBuilder.stableOrder();
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@
         inputs.build(),
         tools.build(),
         ImmutableSet.copyOf(outputs),
+        mandatoryOutputs,
         resourceSet);
   }
 
@@ -160,6 +161,11 @@
     return this;
   }
 
+  public SpawnBuilder withMandatoryOutputs(@Nullable Set<? extends ActionInput> mandatoryOutputs) {
+    this.mandatoryOutputs = mandatoryOutputs;
+    return this;
+  }
+
   public SpawnBuilder withFilesetMapping(
       Artifact fileset, ImmutableList<FilesetOutputSymlink> mappings) {
     Preconditions.checkArgument(fileset.isFileset(), "Artifact %s is not fileset", fileset);
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteExecutionServiceTest.java b/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteExecutionServiceTest.java
index b90cc76..b885e3b 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteExecutionServiceTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteExecutionServiceTest.java
@@ -1099,9 +1099,21 @@
     ActionResult r = ActionResult.newBuilder().setExitCode(0).build();
     RemoteActionResult result = RemoteActionResult.createFromCache(CachedActionResult.remote(r));
     Artifact a1 = ActionsTestUtil.createArtifact(artifactRoot, "file1");
+    // set file1 as declared output but not mandatory output
     Spawn spawn =
-        newSpawn(
-            ImmutableMap.of(REMOTE_EXECUTION_INLINE_OUTPUTS, "outputs/file1"), ImmutableSet.of(a1));
+        new SimpleSpawn(
+            new FakeOwner("foo", "bar", "//dummy:label"),
+            /*arguments=*/ ImmutableList.of(),
+            /*environment=*/ ImmutableMap.of(),
+            /*executionInfo=*/ ImmutableMap.of(REMOTE_EXECUTION_INLINE_OUTPUTS, "outputs/file1"),
+            /*runfilesSupplier=*/ null,
+            /*filesetMappings=*/ ImmutableMap.of(),
+            /*inputs=*/ NestedSetBuilder.emptySet(Order.STABLE_ORDER),
+            /*tools=*/ NestedSetBuilder.emptySet(Order.STABLE_ORDER),
+            /*outputs=*/ ImmutableSet.of(a1),
+            /*mandatoryOutputs=*/ ImmutableSet.of(),
+            ResourceSet.ZERO);
+
     MetadataInjector injector = mock(MetadataInjector.class);
     FakeSpawnExecutionContext context = newSpawnExecutionContext(spawn, injector);
     RemoteOptions remoteOptions = Options.getDefaults(RemoteOptions.class);
@@ -1119,6 +1131,32 @@
   }
 
   @Test
+  public void downloadOutputs_missingMandatoryOutputs_reportError() throws Exception {
+    // Test that an AC which misses mandatory outputs is correctly ignored.
+    Digest fooDigest = cache.addContents(remoteActionExecutionContext, "foo-contents");
+    ActionResult.Builder builder = ActionResult.newBuilder();
+    builder.addOutputFilesBuilder().setPath("outputs/foo").setDigest(fooDigest);
+    RemoteActionResult result =
+        RemoteActionResult.createFromCache(CachedActionResult.remote(builder.build()));
+    ImmutableSet.Builder<Artifact> outputs = ImmutableSet.builder();
+    ImmutableList<String> expectedOutputFiles = ImmutableList.of("outputs/foo", "outputs/bar");
+    for (String outputFile : expectedOutputFiles) {
+      Path path = remotePathResolver.outputPathToLocalPath(outputFile);
+      Artifact output = ActionsTestUtil.createArtifact(artifactRoot, path);
+      outputs.add(output);
+    }
+    Spawn spawn = newSpawn(ImmutableMap.of(), outputs.build());
+    FakeSpawnExecutionContext context = newSpawnExecutionContext(spawn);
+    RemoteExecutionService service = newRemoteExecutionService();
+    RemoteAction action = service.buildRemoteAction(spawn, context);
+
+    IOException error =
+        assertThrows(IOException.class, () -> service.downloadOutputs(action, result));
+
+    assertThat(error).hasMessageThat().containsMatch("expected output .+ does not exist.");
+  }
+
+  @Test
   public void uploadOutputs_uploadDirectory_works() throws Exception {
     // Test that uploading a directory works.
 
@@ -1366,6 +1404,27 @@
   }
 
   @Test
+  public void uploadOutputs_missingMandatoryOutputs_dontUpload() throws Exception {
+    Path file = execRoot.getRelative("outputs/file");
+    Artifact outputFile = ActionsTestUtil.createArtifact(artifactRoot, file);
+    RemoteExecutionService service = newRemoteExecutionService();
+    Spawn spawn = newSpawn(ImmutableMap.of(), ImmutableSet.of(outputFile));
+    FakeSpawnExecutionContext context = newSpawnExecutionContext(spawn);
+    RemoteAction action = service.buildRemoteAction(spawn, context);
+    SpawnResult spawnResult =
+        new SpawnResult.Builder()
+            .setExitCode(0)
+            .setStatus(SpawnResult.Status.SUCCESS)
+            .setRunnerName("test")
+            .build();
+
+    service.uploadOutputs(action, spawnResult);
+
+    // assert
+    assertThat(cache.getNumFindMissingDigests()).isEmpty();
+  }
+
+  @Test
   public void uploadInputsIfNotPresent_deduplicateFindMissingBlobCalls() throws Exception {
     int taskCount = 100;
     ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(taskCount);
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteSpawnCacheTest.java b/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteSpawnCacheTest.java
index da10d37..3c97b69 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteSpawnCacheTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteSpawnCacheTest.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
@@ -597,6 +598,7 @@
     when(remoteCache.downloadActionResult(
             any(RemoteActionExecutionContext.class), any(), /* inlineOutErr= */ eq(false)))
         .thenReturn(CachedActionResult.remote(success));
+    doReturn(null).when(cache.getRemoteExecutionService()).downloadOutputs(any(), any());
 
     // act
     CacheHandle cacheHandle = cache.lookup(simpleSpawn, simplePolicy);
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteSpawnRunnerTest.java b/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteSpawnRunnerTest.java
index 68fce99..b458da1 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteSpawnRunnerTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteSpawnRunnerTest.java
@@ -1197,6 +1197,7 @@
     RemoteSpawnRunner runner = newSpawnRunner(ImmutableSet.of(topLevelOutput));
     RemoteExecutionService service = runner.getRemoteExecutionService();
     doReturn(cachedActionResult).when(service).lookupCache(any());
+    doReturn(null).when(service).downloadOutputs(any(), any());
 
     Spawn spawn = newSimpleSpawn(topLevelOutput);
     FakeSpawnExecutionContext policy = getSpawnContext(spawn);
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteSpawnRunnerWithGrpcRemoteExecutorTest.java b/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteSpawnRunnerWithGrpcRemoteExecutorTest.java
index 817394f..bcb5c9c 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteSpawnRunnerWithGrpcRemoteExecutorTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/remote/RemoteSpawnRunnerWithGrpcRemoteExecutorTest.java
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017 The Bazel Authors. All rights reserved.
+/// Copyright 2017 The Bazel Authors. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -196,9 +196,12 @@
             ImmutableList.of("/bin/echo", "Hi!"),
             ImmutableMap.of("VARIABLE", "value"),
             /*executionInfo=*/ ImmutableMap.<String, String>of(),
+            /*runfilesSupplier=*/ null,
+            /*filesetMappings=*/ ImmutableMap.of(),
             /*inputs=*/ NestedSetBuilder.create(
                 Order.STABLE_ORDER, ActionInputHelper.fromPath("input")),
-            /*outputs=*/ ImmutableSet.<ActionInput>of(
+            /*tools=*/ NestedSetBuilder.emptySet(Order.STABLE_ORDER),
+            /*outputs=*/ ImmutableSet.of(
                 new ActionInput() {
                   @Override
                   public String getExecPathString() {
@@ -231,6 +234,7 @@
                     return PathFragment.create("bar");
                   }
                 }),
+            /*mandatoryOutputs=*/ ImmutableSet.of(),
             ResourceSet.ZERO);
 
     Path stdout = fs.getPath("/tmp/stdout");
diff --git a/src/test/shell/bazel/remote/remote_execution_test.sh b/src/test/shell/bazel/remote/remote_execution_test.sh
index 03068d2..b70c277 100755
--- a/src/test/shell/bazel/remote/remote_execution_test.sh
+++ b/src/test/shell/bazel/remote/remote_execution_test.sh
@@ -3499,4 +3499,27 @@
   [[ "$disk_cas_files" == 3 ]] || fail "Expected 3 disk cas entries, not $disk_cas_files"
 }
 
+function test_missing_outputs_dont_upload_action_result() {
+  # Test that if declared outputs are not created, even the exit code of action
+  # is 0, we treat this as failed and don't upload action result.
+  # See https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/issues/14543.
+  mkdir -p a
+  cat > a/BUILD <<EOF
+genrule(
+  name = 'foo',
+  outs = ["foo.txt"],
+  cmd = "echo foo",
+)
+EOF
+
+  bazel build \
+      --remote_cache=grpc://localhost:${worker_port} \
+      //a:foo >& $TEST_log && fail "Should failed to build"
+
+  remote_cas_files="$(count_remote_cas_files)"
+  [[ "$remote_cas_files" == 0 ]] || fail "Expected 0 remote cas entries, not $remote_cas_files"
+  remote_ac_files="$(count_remote_ac_files)"
+  [[ "$remote_ac_files" == 0 ]] || fail "Expected 0 remote action cache entries, not $remote_ac_files"
+}
+
 run_suite "Remote execution and remote cache tests"