Rollback of commit 5a94e59f02833f9142bad9203acd72626b089535.

*** Reason for rollback ***

Breaks serialization of SkyValues.

--
MOS_MIGRATED_REVID=102457225
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/syntax/Environment.java b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/syntax/Environment.java
index 25be3fd..ed30671 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/syntax/Environment.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/syntax/Environment.java
@@ -15,26 +15,18 @@
 package com.google.devtools.build.lib.syntax;
 
 import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
-import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
 import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
-import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
-import com.google.devtools.build.lib.cmdline.PackageIdentifier;
-import com.google.devtools.build.lib.events.Event;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.events.EventHandler;
-import com.google.devtools.build.lib.events.EventKind;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.events.Location;
-import com.google.devtools.build.lib.packages.CachingPackageLocator;
-import com.google.devtools.build.lib.syntax.Mutability.Freezable;
-import com.google.devtools.build.lib.syntax.Mutability.MutabilityException;
-import com.google.devtools.build.lib.util.Fingerprint;
-import com.google.devtools.build.lib.util.Pair;
-import com.google.devtools.build.lib.vfs.Path;
 import com.google.devtools.build.lib.vfs.PathFragment;
 
-import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Deque;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -42,280 +34,54 @@
 import javax.annotation.Nullable;
 
 /**
- * An Environment is the main entry point to evaluating code in the BUILD language or Skylark.
- * It embodies all the state that is required to evaluate such code,
- * except for the current instruction pointer, which is an {@link ASTNode}
- * whose {@link Statement#exec exec} or {@link Expression#eval eval} method is invoked with
- * this Environment, in a straightforward direct-style AST-walking interpreter.
- * {@link Continuation}-s are explicitly represented, but only partly, with another part being
- * implicit in a series of try-catch statements, to maintain the direct style. One notable trick
- * is how a {@link UserDefinedFunction} implements returning values as the function catching a
- * {@link ReturnStatement.ReturnException} thrown by a {@link ReturnStatement} in the body.
- *
- * <p>Every Environment has a {@link Mutability} field, and must be used within a function that
- * creates and closes this {@link Mutability} with the try-with-resource pattern.
- * This {@link Mutability} is also used when initializing mutable objects within that Environment;
- * when closed at the end of the computation freezes the Environment and all those objects that
- * then become forever immutable. The pattern enforces the discipline that there should be no
- * dangling mutable Environment, or concurrency between interacting Environment-s.
- * It is also an error to try to mutate an Environment and its objects from another Environment,
- * before the {@link Mutability} is closed.
- *
- * <p>One creates an Environment using the {@link #builder} function, then
- * populates it with {@link #setup}, {@link #setupDynamic} and sometimes {@link #setupOverride},
- * before to evaluate code in it with {@link #eval}, or with {@link BuildFileAST#exec}
- * (where the AST was obtained by passing a {@link ValidationEnvironment} constructed from the
- * Environment to {@link BuildFileAST#parseBuildFile} or {@link BuildFileAST#parseSkylarkFile}).
- * When the computation is over, the frozen Environment can still be queried with {@link #lookup}.
- *
- * <p>Final fields of an Environment represent its dynamic state, i.e. state that remains the same
- * throughout a given evaluation context, and don't change with source code location,
- * while mutable fields embody its static state, that change with source code location.
- * The seeming paradox is that the words "dynamic" and "static" refer to the point of view
- * of the source code, and here we have a dual point of view.
+ * The BUILD environment.
  */
-public final class Environment implements Freezable, Serializable {
+public class Environment {
+
+  protected final Map<String, Object> env = new HashMap<>();
 
   /**
-   * A Frame is a Map of bindings, plus a {@link Mutability} and a parent Frame
-   * from which to inherit bindings.
-   *
-   * <p>A Frame contains bindings mapping variable name to variable value in a given scope.
-   * It may also inherit bindings from a parent Frame corresponding to a parent scope,
-   * which in turn may inherit bindings from its own parent, etc., transitively.
-   * Bindings may shadow bindings from the parent. In Skylark, you may only mutate
-   * bindings from the current Frame, which always got its {@link Mutability} with the
-   * current {@link Environment}; but future extensions may make it more like Python
-   * and allow mutation of bindings in outer Frame-s (or then again may not).
-   *
-   * <p>A Frame inherits the {@link Mutability} from the {@link Environment} in which it was
-   * originally created. When that {@link Environment} is finalized and its {@link Mutability}
-   * is closed, it becomes immutable, including the Frame, which can be shared in other
-   * {@link Environment}-s. Indeed, a {@link UserDefinedFunction} will close over the global
-   * Frame of its definition {@link Environment}, which will thus be reused (immutably)
-   * in all any {@link Environment} in which this function is called, so it's important to
-   * preserve the {@link Mutability} to make sure no Frame is modified after it's been finalized.
+   * The parent environment. For Skylark it's the global environment,
+   * used for global read only variable lookup.
    */
-  public static final class Frame implements Freezable {
-
-    private final Mutability mutability;
-    final Frame parent;
-    final Map<String, Object> bindings = new HashMap<>();
-
-    Frame(Mutability mutability, Frame parent) {
-      this.mutability = mutability;
-      this.parent = parent;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public final Mutability mutability() {
-      return mutability;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a binding from the current frame or if not found its parent.
-     * @param varname the name of the variable to be bound
-     * @return the value bound to variable
-     */
-    public Object get(String varname) {
-      if (bindings.containsKey(varname)) {
-        return bindings.get(varname);
-      }
-      if (parent != null) {
-        return parent.get(varname);
-      }
-      return null;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Modifies a binding in the current Frame.
-     * Does not try to modify an inherited binding.
-     * This will shadow any inherited binding, which may be an error
-     * that you want to guard against before calling this function.
-     * @param env the Environment attempting the mutation
-     * @param varname the name of the variable to be bound
-     * @param value the value to bind to the variable
-     */
-    public void put(Environment env, String varname, Object value)
-        throws MutabilityException {
-      Mutability.checkMutable(this, env);
-      bindings.put(varname, value);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Adds the variable names of this Frame and its transitive parents to the given set.
-     * This provides a O(n) way of extracting the list of all variables visible in an Environment.
-     * @param vars the set of visible variables in the Environment, being computed.
-     */
-    public void addVariableNamesTo(Set<String> vars) {
-      vars.addAll(bindings.keySet());
-      if (parent != null) {
-        parent.addVariableNamesTo(vars);
-      }
-    }
-
-    public Set<String> getDirectVariableNames() {
-      return bindings.keySet();
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-      String prefix = "Frame";
-      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
-      for (Frame f = this; f != null; f = f.parent) {
-        Printer.formatTo(sb, "%s%s%r",
-            ImmutableList.<Object>of(prefix, f.mutability(), f.bindings));
-        prefix = "=>";
-      }
-      return sb.toString();
-    }
-  }
+  protected final Environment parent;
 
   /**
-   * A Continuation contains data saved during a function call and restored when the function exits.
+   * Map from a Skylark extension to an environment, which contains all symbols defined in the
+   * extension.
    */
-  private static final class Continuation {
-    /** The {@link BaseFunction} being evaluated that will return into this Continuation. */
-    BaseFunction function;
-
-    /** The {@link FuncallExpression} to which this Continuation will return. */
-    FuncallExpression caller;
-
-    /** The next Continuation after this Continuation. */
-    @Nullable Continuation continuation;
-
-    /** The lexical Frame of the caller. */
-    Frame lexicalFrame;
-
-    /** The global Frame of the caller. */
-    Frame globalFrame;
-
-    /** The set of known global variables of the caller. */
-    @Nullable Set<String> knownGlobalVariables;
-
-    /** Whether the caller is in Skylark mode. */
-    boolean isSkylark;
-
-    Continuation(
-        Continuation continuation,
-        BaseFunction function,
-        FuncallExpression caller,
-        Frame lexicalFrame,
-        Frame globalFrame,
-        Set<String> knownGlobalVariables,
-        boolean isSkylark) {
-      this.continuation = continuation;
-      this.function = function;
-      this.caller = caller;
-      this.lexicalFrame = lexicalFrame;
-      this.globalFrame = globalFrame;
-      this.isSkylark = isSkylark;
-    }
-  }
+  protected Map<PathFragment, SkylarkEnvironment> importedExtensions;
 
   /**
-   * Static Frame for lexical variables that are always looked up in the current Environment
-   * or for the definition Environment of the function currently being evaluated.
+   * A set of variables propagating through function calling. It's only used to call
+   * native rules from Skylark build extensions.
    */
-  private Frame lexicalFrame;
+  protected Set<String> propagatingVariables = new HashSet<>();
 
-  /**
-   * Static Frame for global variables; either the current lexical Frame if evaluation is currently
-   * happening at the global scope of a BUILD file, or the global Frame at the time of function
-   * definition if evaluation is currently happening in the body of a function. Thus functions can
-   * close over other functions defined in the same file.
-   */
-  private Frame globalFrame;
-
-  /**
-   * Dynamic Frame for variables that are always looked up in the runtime Environment,
-   * and never in the lexical or "global" Environment as it was at the time of function definition.
-   * For instance, PACKAGE_NAME.
-   */
-  private final Frame dynamicFrame;
-
-  /**
-   * An EventHandler for errors and warnings. This is not used in the BUILD language,
-   * however it might be used in Skylark code called from the BUILD language, so shouldn't be null.
-   */
-  private final EventHandler eventHandler;
-
-  /**
-   * For each imported extensions, a global Skylark frame from which to load() individual bindings.
-   */
-  private final Map<PathFragment, Environment> importedExtensions;
-
-  /**
-   * Is this Environment being executed in Skylark context?
-   */
-  private boolean isSkylark;
-
-  /**
-   * Is this Environment being executed during the loading phase?
-   * Many builtin functions are only enabled during the loading phase, and check this flag.
-   */
-  private final boolean isLoadingPhase;
-
-  /**
-   * When in a lexical (Skylark) Frame, this set contains the variable names that are global,
-   * as determined not by global declarations (not currently supported),
-   * but by previous lookups that ended being global or dynamic.
-   * This is necessary because if in a function definition something
-   * reads a global variable after which a local variable with the same name is assigned an
-   * Exception needs to be thrown.
-   */
-  @Nullable private Set<String> knownGlobalVariables;
-
-  /**
-   * When in a lexical (Skylark) frame, this lists the names of the functions in the call stack.
-   * We currently use it to artificially disable recursion.
-   */
-  @Nullable private Continuation continuation;
-
-  /**
-   * Enters a scope by saving state to a new Continuation
-   * @param function the function whose scope to enter
-   * @param caller the source AST node for the caller
-   * @param globals the global Frame that this function closes over from its definition Environment
-   */
-  void enterScope(BaseFunction function, FuncallExpression caller, Frame globals) {
-    continuation = new Continuation(
-        continuation, function, caller, lexicalFrame, globalFrame, knownGlobalVariables, isSkylark);
-    lexicalFrame = new Frame(mutability(), null);
-    globalFrame = globals;
-    knownGlobalVariables = new HashSet<String>();
-    isSkylark = true;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Exits a scope by restoring state from the current continuation
-   */
-  void exitScope() {
-    Preconditions.checkNotNull(continuation);
-    lexicalFrame = continuation.lexicalFrame;
-    globalFrame = continuation.globalFrame;
-    knownGlobalVariables = continuation.knownGlobalVariables;
-    isSkylark = continuation.isSkylark;
-    continuation = continuation.continuation;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * When evaluating code from a file, this contains a hash of the file.
-   */
-  @Nullable private String fileContentHashCode;
+  // Only used in the global environment.
+  // TODO(bazel-team): make this a final field part of constructor.
+  private boolean isLoadingPhase = false;
 
   /**
    * Is this Environment being evaluated during the loading phase?
-   * This is fixed during Environment setup, and enables various functions
+   * This is fixed during environment setup, and enables various functions
    * that are not available during the analysis phase.
-   * @return true if this Environment corresponds to code during the loading phase.
+   * @return true if this environment corresponds to code during the loading phase.
    */
-  private boolean isLoadingPhase() {
+  boolean isLoadingPhase() {
     return isLoadingPhase;
   }
 
   /**
-   * Checks that the current Environment is in the loading phase.
+   * Enable loading phase only functions in this Environment.
+   * This should only be done during setup before code is evaluated.
+   */
+  public void setLoadingPhase() {
+    isLoadingPhase = true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks that the current Evaluation context is in loading phase.
    * @param symbol name of the function being only authorized thus.
    */
   public void checkLoadingPhase(String symbol, Location loc) throws EvalException {
@@ -325,378 +91,168 @@
   }
 
   /**
-   * Is this a global Environment?
-   * @return true if the current code is being executed at the top-level,
-   * as opposed to inside the body of a function.
+   * Is this a global environment?
+   * @return true if this is a global (top-level) environment
+   * as opposed to inside the body of a function
    */
-  boolean isGlobal() {
-    return lexicalFrame == null;
+  public boolean isGlobal() {
+    return true;
   }
 
   /**
-   * Is the current code Skylark?
-   * @return true if Skylark was enabled when this code was read.
+   * An EventHandler for errors and warnings. This is not used in the BUILD language,
+   * however it might be used in Skylark code called from the BUILD language.
    */
-  // TODO(bazel-team): Delete this function.
-  // This function is currently used in various functions that change their behavior with respect to
-  // lists depending on the Skylark-ness of the code; lists should be unified between the two modes.
-  boolean isSkylark() {
-    return isSkylark;
+  @Nullable protected EventHandler eventHandler;
+
+  /**
+   * A stack trace containing the current history of functions and the calling rule.
+   *
+   * <p>For the rule, the stack trace has two elements: one for the call to the rule in the BUILD
+   * file and one for the actual rule implementation.
+   */
+  private Deque<StackTraceElement> stackTrace;
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs an empty root non-Skylark environment.
+   * The root environment is also the global environment.
+   */
+  public Environment(Deque<StackTraceElement> stackTrace) {
+    this.parent = null;
+    this.importedExtensions = new HashMap<>();
+    this.stackTrace = stackTrace;
+    setupGlobal();
+  }
+
+  public Environment() {
+    this(new LinkedList<StackTraceElement>());
   }
 
   /**
-   * Is the caller of the current function executing Skylark code?
-   * @return true if this is skylark was enabled when this code was read.
+   * Constructs an empty child environment.
    */
-  // TODO(bazel-team): Delete this function.
-  // This function is currently used by MethodLibrary to modify behavior of lists
-  // depending on the Skylark-ness of the code; lists should be unified between the two modes.
-  boolean isCallerSkylark() {
-    return continuation.isSkylark;
+  public Environment(Environment parent, Deque<StackTraceElement> stackTrace) {
+    Preconditions.checkNotNull(parent);
+    this.parent = parent;
+    this.importedExtensions = new HashMap<>();
+    this.stackTrace = stackTrace;
   }
 
-  @Override
-  public Mutability mutability() {
-    // the mutability of the environment is that of its dynamic frame.
-    return dynamicFrame.mutability();
+  public Environment(Environment parent) {
+    this(parent, new LinkedList<StackTraceElement>());
   }
 
   /**
-   * @return the current Frame, in which variable side-effects happen.
+   * Constructs an empty child environment with an EventHandler.
    */
-  private Frame currentFrame() {
-    return isGlobal() ? globalFrame : lexicalFrame;
+  public Environment(Environment parent, EventHandler eventHandler) {
+    this(parent);
+    this.eventHandler = Preconditions.checkNotNull(eventHandler);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * @return the global variables for the Environment (not including dynamic bindings).
-   */
-  public Frame getGlobals() {
-    return globalFrame;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Returns an EventHandler for errors and warnings.
-   * The BUILD language doesn't use it directly, but can call Skylark code that does use it.
-   * @return an EventHandler
-   */
   public EventHandler getEventHandler() {
     return eventHandler;
   }
 
-  /**
-   * @return the current stack trace as a list of functions.
-   */
-  public ImmutableList<BaseFunction> getStackTrace() {
-    ImmutableList.Builder<BaseFunction> builder = new ImmutableList.Builder<>();
-    for (Continuation k = continuation; k != null; k = k.continuation) {
-      builder.add(k.function);
-    }
-    return builder.build().reverse();
+  // Sets up the global environment
+  private void setupGlobal() {
+    // In Python 2.x, True and False are global values and can be redefined by the user.
+    // In Python 3.x, they are keywords. We implement them as values, for the sake of
+    // simplicity. We define them as Boolean objects.
+    update("False", Runtime.FALSE);
+    update("True", Runtime.TRUE);
+    update("None", Runtime.NONE);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Return the name of the top-level function being called and the location of the call.
-   */
-  public Pair<BaseFunction, Location> getTopCall() {
-    Continuation continuation = this.continuation;
-    if (continuation == null) {
-      return null;
-    }
-    while (continuation.continuation != null) {
-      continuation = continuation.continuation;
-    }
-    return new Pair<>(continuation.function, continuation.caller.getLocation());
+  public boolean isSkylark() {
+    return false;
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Constructs an Environment.
-   * This is the main, most basic constructor.
-   * @param globalFrame a frame for the global Environment
-   * @param dynamicFrame a frame for the dynamic Environment
-   * @param eventHandler an EventHandler for warnings, errors, etc
-   * @param importedExtensions frames for extensions from which to import bindings with load()
-   * @param isSkylark true if in Skylark context
-   * @param fileContentHashCode a hash for the source file being evaluated, if any
-   * @param isLoadingPhase true if in loading phase
-   */
-  private Environment(
-      Frame globalFrame,
-      Frame dynamicFrame,
-      EventHandler eventHandler,
-      Map<PathFragment, Environment> importedExtensions,
-      boolean isSkylark,
-      @Nullable String fileContentHashCode,
-      boolean isLoadingPhase) {
-    this.globalFrame = Preconditions.checkNotNull(globalFrame);
-    this.dynamicFrame = Preconditions.checkNotNull(dynamicFrame);
-    Preconditions.checkArgument(globalFrame.mutability().isMutable());
-    Preconditions.checkArgument(dynamicFrame.mutability().isMutable());
-    this.eventHandler = eventHandler;
-    this.importedExtensions = importedExtensions;
-    this.isSkylark = isSkylark;
-    this.fileContentHashCode = fileContentHashCode;
-    this.isLoadingPhase = isLoadingPhase;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * A Builder class for Environment
-   */
-  public static class Builder {
-    private final Mutability mutability;
-    private boolean isSkylark = false;
-    private boolean isLoadingPhase = false;
-    @Nullable private Frame parent;
-    @Nullable private EventHandler eventHandler;
-    @Nullable private Map<PathFragment, Environment> importedExtensions;
-    @Nullable private String fileContentHashCode;
-
-    Builder(Mutability mutability) {
-      this.mutability = mutability;
-    }
-
-    /** Enables Skylark for code read in this Environment. */
-    public Builder setSkylark() {
-      Preconditions.checkState(!isSkylark);
-      isSkylark = true;
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    /** Enables loading phase only functions in this Environment. */
-    public Builder setLoadingPhase() {
-      Preconditions.checkState(!isLoadingPhase);
-      isLoadingPhase = true;
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    /** Inherits global bindings from the given parent Frame. */
-    public Builder setGlobals(Frame parent) {
-      Preconditions.checkState(this.parent == null);
-      this.parent = parent;
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    /** Sets an EventHandler for errors and warnings. */
-    public Builder setEventHandler(EventHandler eventHandler) {
-      Preconditions.checkState(this.eventHandler == null);
-      this.eventHandler = eventHandler;
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    /** Declares imported extensions for load() statements. */
-    public Builder setImportedExtensions (Map<PathFragment, Environment> importedExtensions) {
-      Preconditions.checkState(this.importedExtensions == null);
-      this.importedExtensions = importedExtensions;
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    /** Declares content hash for the source file for this Environment. */
-    public Builder setFileContentHashCode(String fileContentHashCode) {
-      this.fileContentHashCode = fileContentHashCode;
-      return this;
-    }
-
-    /** Builds the Environment. */
-    public Environment build() {
-      Preconditions.checkArgument(mutability.isMutable());
-      if (parent != null) {
-        Preconditions.checkArgument(!parent.mutability().isMutable());
-      }
-      Frame globalFrame = new Frame(mutability, parent);
-      Frame dynamicFrame = new Frame(mutability, null);
-      if (importedExtensions == null) {
-        importedExtensions = ImmutableMap.of();
-      }
-      Environment env = new Environment(
-          globalFrame,
-          dynamicFrame,
-          eventHandler,
-          importedExtensions,
-          isSkylark,
-          fileContentHashCode,
-          isLoadingPhase);
-      return env;
-    }
-  }
-
-  public static Builder builder(Mutability mutability) {
-    return new Builder(mutability);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Sets a binding for a special dynamic variable in this Environment.
-   * This is not for end-users, and will throw an AssertionError in case of conflict.
-   * @param varname the name of the dynamic variable to be bound
-   * @param value a value to bind to the variable
-   * @return this Environment, in fluid style
-   */
-  public Environment setupDynamic(String varname, Object value) {
-    if (dynamicFrame.get(varname) != null) {
-      throw new AssertionError(
-          String.format("Trying to bind dynamic variable '%s' but it is already bound",
-              varname));
-    }
-    if (lexicalFrame != null && lexicalFrame.get(varname) != null) {
-      throw new AssertionError(
-          String.format("Trying to bind dynamic variable '%s' but it is already bound lexically",
-              varname));
-    }
-    if (globalFrame.get(varname) != null) {
-      throw new AssertionError(
-          String.format("Trying to bind dynamic variable '%s' but it is already bound globally",
-              varname));
-    }
-    try {
-      dynamicFrame.put(this, varname, value);
-    } catch (MutabilityException e) {
-      // End users don't have access to setupDynamic, and it is an implementation error
-      // if we encounter a mutability exception.
-      throw new AssertionError(
-          Printer.format(
-              "Trying to bind dynamic variable '%s' in frozen environment %r", varname, this),
-          e);
-    }
-    return this;
-  }
-
-
-  /**
-   * Modifies a binding in the current Frame of this Environment, as would an
-   * {@link AssignmentStatement}. Does not try to modify an inherited binding.
-   * This will shadow any inherited binding, which may be an error
-   * that you want to guard against before calling this function.
-   * @param varname the name of the variable to be bound
-   * @param value the value to bind to the variable
-   * @return this Environment, in fluid style
-   */
-  public Environment update(String varname, Object value) throws EvalException {
-    Preconditions.checkNotNull(value, "update(value == null)");
-    // prevents clashes between static and dynamic variables.
-    if (dynamicFrame.get(varname) != null) {
-      throw new EvalException(
-          null, String.format("Trying to update special read-only global variable '%s'", varname));
-    }
-    if (isKnownGlobalVariable(varname)) {
-      throw new EvalException(
-          null, String.format("Trying to update read-only global variable '%s'", varname));
-    }
-    try {
-      currentFrame().put(this, varname, Preconditions.checkNotNull(value));
-    } catch (MutabilityException e) {
-      // Note that since at this time we don't accept the global keyword, and don't have closures,
-      // end users should never be able to mutate a frozen Environment, and a MutabilityException
-      // is therefore a failed assertion for Bazel. However, it is possible to shadow a binding
-      // imported from a parent Environment by updating the current Environment, which will not
-      // trigger a MutabilityException.
-      throw new AssertionError(
-          Printer.format("Can't update %s to %r in frozen environment", varname, value),
-          e);
-    }
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  private boolean hasVariable(String varname) {
-    try {
-      lookup(varname);
-      return true;
-    } catch (NoSuchVariableException e) {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Initializes a binding in this Environment. It is an error if the variable is already bound.
-   * This is not for end-users, and will throw an AssertionError in case of conflict.
-   * @param varname the name of the variable to be bound
-   * @param value the value to bind to the variable
-   * @return this Environment, in fluid style
-   */
-  public Environment setup(String varname, Object value) {
-    if (hasVariable(varname)) {
-      throw new AssertionError(String.format("variable '%s' already bound", varname));
-    }
-    return setupOverride(varname, value);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Initializes a binding in this environment. Overrides any previous binding.
-   * This is not for end-users, and will throw an AssertionError in case of conflict.
-   * @param varname the name of the variable to be bound
-   * @param value the value to bind to the variable
-   * @return this Environment, in fluid style
-   */
-  public Environment setupOverride(String varname, Object value) {
-    try {
-      return update(varname, value);
-    } catch (EvalException ee) {
-      throw new AssertionError(ee);
-    }
+  protected boolean hasVariable(String varname) {
+    return env.containsKey(varname);
   }
 
   /**
    * @return the value from the environment whose name is "varname".
    * @throws NoSuchVariableException if the variable is not defined in the Environment.
+   *
    */
   public Object lookup(String varname) throws NoSuchVariableException {
-    // Which Frame to lookup first doesn't matter because update prevents clashes.
-    if (lexicalFrame != null) {
-      Object lexicalValue = lexicalFrame.get(varname);
-      if (lexicalValue != null) {
-        return lexicalValue;
+    Object value = env.get(varname);
+    if (value == null) {
+      if (parent != null) {
+        return parent.lookup(varname);
       }
-    }
-    Object globalValue = globalFrame.get(varname);
-    Object dynamicValue = dynamicFrame.get(varname);
-    if (globalValue == null && dynamicValue == null) {
       throw new NoSuchVariableException(varname);
     }
-    if (knownGlobalVariables != null) {
-      knownGlobalVariables.add(varname);
-    }
-    if (globalValue != null) {
-      return globalValue;
-    }
-    return dynamicValue;
+    return value;
   }
 
   /**
-   * Like {@link #lookup(String)}, but instead of throwing an exception in the case
-   * where <code>varname</code> is not defined, <code>defaultValue</code> is returned instead.
+   * Like <code>lookup(String)</code>, but instead of throwing an exception in
+   * the case where "varname" is not defined, "defaultValue" is returned instead.
+   *
    */
   public Object lookup(String varname, Object defaultValue) {
-    Preconditions.checkState(!isSkylark);
-    try {
-      return lookup(varname);
-    } catch (NoSuchVariableException e) {
+    Object value = env.get(varname);
+    if (value == null) {
+      if (parent != null) {
+        return parent.lookup(varname, defaultValue);
+      }
       return defaultValue;
     }
+    return value;
   }
 
   /**
-   * @return true if varname is a known global variable,
-   * because it has been read in the context of the current function.
+   * Updates the value of variable "varname" in the environment, corresponding
+   * to an {@link AssignmentStatement}.
    */
-  boolean isKnownGlobalVariable(String varname) {
-    return knownGlobalVariables != null && knownGlobalVariables.contains(varname);
-  }
-
-  public void handleEvent(Event event) {
-    eventHandler.handle(event);
+  public Environment update(String varname, Object value) {
+    Preconditions.checkNotNull(value, "update(value == null)");
+    env.put(varname, value);
+    return this;
   }
 
   /**
-   * @return the (immutable) set of names of all variables defined in this
-   * Environment. Exposed for testing.
+   * Same as {@link #update}, but also marks the variable propagating, meaning it will
+   * be present in the execution environment of a UserDefinedFunction called from this
+   * Environment. Using this method is discouraged.
+   */
+  public void updateAndPropagate(String varname, Object value) {
+    update(varname, value);
+    propagatingVariables.add(varname);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Remove the variable from the environment, returning
+   * any previous mapping (null if there was none).
+   */
+  public Object remove(String varname) {
+    return env.remove(varname);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the (immutable) set of names of all variables directly defined in this environment.
+   */
+  public Set<String> getDirectVariableNames() {
+    return env.keySet();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the (immutable) set of names of all variables defined in this
+   * environment. Exposed for testing; not very efficient!
    */
   @VisibleForTesting
   public Set<String> getVariableNames() {
-    Set<String> vars = new HashSet<>();
-    if (lexicalFrame != null) {
-      lexicalFrame.addVariableNamesTo(vars);
+    if (parent == null) {
+      return env.keySet();
+    } else {
+      Set<String> vars = new HashSet<>();
+      vars.addAll(env.keySet());
+      vars.addAll(parent.getVariableNames());
+      return vars;
     }
-    globalFrame.addVariableNamesTo(vars);
-    dynamicFrame.addVariableNamesTo(vars);
-    return vars;
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -712,29 +268,23 @@
   @Override
   public String toString() {
     StringBuilder out = new StringBuilder();
-    out.append("Environment(lexicalFrame=");
-    out.append(lexicalFrame);
-    out.append(", globalFrame=");
-    out.append(globalFrame);
-    out.append(", dynamicFrame=");
-    out.append(dynamicFrame);
-    out.append(", eventHandler.getClass()=");
-    out.append(eventHandler.getClass());
-    out.append(", importedExtensions=");
-    out.append(importedExtensions);
-    out.append(", isSkylark=");
-    out.append(isSkylark);
-    out.append(", fileContentHashCode=");
-    out.append(fileContentHashCode);
-    out.append(", isLoadingPhase=");
-    out.append(isLoadingPhase);
-    out.append(")");
+    out.append("Environment{");
+    List<String> keys = new ArrayList<>(env.keySet());
+    Collections.sort(keys);
+    for (String key : keys) {
+      out.append(key).append(" -> ").append(env.get(key)).append(", ");
+    }
+    out.append("}");
+    if (parent != null) {
+      out.append("=>");
+      out.append(parent);
+    }
     return out.toString();
   }
 
   /**
-   * An Exception thrown when an attempt is made to lookup a non-existent
-   * variable in the Environment.
+   * An exception thrown when an attempt is made to lookup a non-existent
+   * variable in the environment.
    */
   public static class NoSuchVariableException extends Exception {
     NoSuchVariableException(String variable) {
@@ -743,7 +293,7 @@
   }
 
   /**
-   * An Exception thrown when an attempt is made to import a symbol from a file
+   * An exception thrown when an attempt is made to import a symbol from a file
    * that was not properly loaded.
    */
   public static class LoadFailedException extends Exception {
@@ -753,156 +303,78 @@
     }
   }
 
+  public void setImportedExtensions(Map<PathFragment, SkylarkEnvironment> importedExtensions) {
+    this.importedExtensions = importedExtensions;
+  }
+
   public void importSymbol(PathFragment extension, Identifier symbol, String nameInLoadedFile)
       throws NoSuchVariableException, LoadFailedException {
-    Preconditions.checkState(isGlobal()); // loading is only allowed at global scope.
-
     if (!importedExtensions.containsKey(extension)) {
       throw new LoadFailedException(extension.toString());
     }
 
     Object value = importedExtensions.get(extension).lookup(nameInLoadedFile);
-    // TODO(bazel-team): Unify data structures between Skylark and BUILD,
-    // and stop doing the conversions below:
-    if (!isSkylark) {
+    if (!isSkylark()) {
       value = SkylarkType.convertFromSkylark(value);
     }
 
-    try {
-      update(symbol.getName(), value);
-    } catch (EvalException e) {
-      throw new LoadFailedException(extension.toString());
-    }
+    update(symbol.getName(), value);
+  }
+
+  public ImmutableList<StackTraceElement> getStackTrace() {
+    return ImmutableList.copyOf(stackTrace);
+  }
+
+  protected Deque<StackTraceElement> getCopyOfStackTrace() {
+    return new LinkedList<>(stackTrace);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Returns a hash code calculated from the hash code of this Environment and the
-   * transitive closure of other Environments it loads.
+   * Adds the given element to the stack trace (iff the stack is empty) and returns whether it was
+   * successful.
    */
-  // TODO(bazel-team): to avoid O(n^2) worst case, cache this transitive hash code.
-  public String getTransitiveFileContentHashCode() {
-    Fingerprint fingerprint = new Fingerprint();
-    fingerprint.addString(Preconditions.checkNotNull(fileContentHashCode));
-    // Calculate a new hash from the hash of the loaded Environments.
-    for (Environment env : importedExtensions.values()) {
-      fingerprint.addString(env.getTransitiveFileContentHashCode());
+  public boolean tryAddingStackTraceRoot(StackTraceElement element) {
+    if (stackTrace.isEmpty()) {
+      stackTrace.add(element);
+      return true;
     }
-    return fingerprint.hexDigestAndReset();
+    return false;
   }
-
-
-  /** A read-only Environment.Frame with global constants in it only */
-  public static final Frame CONSTANTS_ONLY = createConstantsGlobals();
-
-  /** A read-only Environment.Frame with initial globals for the BUILD language */
-  public static final Frame BUILD = createBuildGlobals();
-
-  /** A read-only Environment.Frame with initial globals for Skylark */
-  public static final Frame SKYLARK = createSkylarkGlobals();
-
-  private static Environment.Frame createConstantsGlobals() {
-    try (Mutability mutability = Mutability.create("CONSTANTS")) {
-      Environment env = Environment.builder(mutability).build();
-      Runtime.setupConstants(env);
-      return env.getGlobals();
-    }
-  }
-
-  private static Environment.Frame createBuildGlobals() {
-    try (Mutability mutability = Mutability.create("BUILD")) {
-      Environment env = Environment.builder(mutability).build();
-      Runtime.setupConstants(env);
-      Runtime.setupMethodEnvironment(env, MethodLibrary.buildGlobalFunctions);
-      return env.getGlobals();
-    }
-  }
-
-  private static Environment.Frame createSkylarkGlobals() {
-    try (Mutability mutability = Mutability.create("SKYLARK")) {
-      Environment env = Environment.builder(mutability).setSkylark().build();
-      Runtime.setupConstants(env);
-      Runtime.setupMethodEnvironment(env, MethodLibrary.skylarkGlobalFunctions);
-      return env.getGlobals();
-    }
-  }
-
-
-  /**
-   * The fail fast handler, which throws a AssertionError whenever an error or warning occurs.
-   */
-  public static final EventHandler FAIL_FAST_HANDLER = new EventHandler() {
-      @Override
-      public void handle(Event event) {
-        Preconditions.checkArgument(
-            !EventKind.ERRORS_AND_WARNINGS.contains(event.getKind()), event);
-      }
-    };
-
-  /** Mock package locator class */
-  private static final class EmptyPackageLocator implements CachingPackageLocator {
-    @Override
-    public Path getBuildFileForPackage(PackageIdentifier packageName) {
-      return null;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** A mock package locator */
-  @VisibleForTesting
-  static final CachingPackageLocator EMPTY_PACKAGE_LOCATOR = new EmptyPackageLocator();
-
-  /**
-   * Creates a Lexer without a supporting file.
-   * @param input a list of lines of code
-   */
-  @VisibleForTesting
-  Lexer createLexer(String... input) {
-    return new Lexer(ParserInputSource.create(Joiner.on("\n").join(input), null),
-        eventHandler);
+  
+  public void addToStackTrace(StackTraceElement element)    {
+    stackTrace.add(element);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Parses some String input without a supporting file, returning statements and comments.
-   * @param input a list of lines of code
+   * Removes the only remaining element from the stack trace.
+   *
+   * <p>This particular element describes the outer-most calling function (usually a rule).
+   *
+   * <p> This method is required since {@link FuncallExpression} does not create a new {@link
+   * Environment}, hence it has to add and remove its {@link StackTraceElement} from an existing
+   * one.
    */
-  @VisibleForTesting
-  Parser.ParseResult parseFileWithComments(String... input) {
-    return isSkylark
-        ? Parser.parseFileForSkylark(
-            createLexer(input),
-            eventHandler,
-            EMPTY_PACKAGE_LOCATOR,
-            new ValidationEnvironment(this))
-        : Parser.parseFile(
-              createLexer(input),
-              eventHandler,
-              EMPTY_PACKAGE_LOCATOR,
-              /*parsePython=*/false);
+  public void removeStackTraceRoot() {
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(stackTrace.size() == 1);
+    stackTrace.clear();
+  }
+
+  public void removeStackTraceElement() {
+    // TODO(fwe): find out why the precond doesn't work
+    //    Preconditions.checkArgument(stackTrace.size() > 1);
+    stackTrace.removeLast();
   }
 
   /**
-   * Parses some String input without a supporting file, returning statements only.
-   * @param input a list of lines of code
+   * Returns whether the given {@link BaseFunction} is part of this {@link Environment}'s stack
+   * trace.
    */
-  @VisibleForTesting
-  List<Statement> parseFile(String... input) {
-    return parseFileWithComments(input).statements;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Evaluates code some String input without a supporting file.
-   * @param input a list of lines of code to evaluate
-   * @return the value of the last statement if it's an Expression or else null
-   */
-  @Nullable public Object eval(String... input) throws EvalException, InterruptedException {
-    Object last = null;
-    for (Statement statement : parseFile(input)) {
-      if (statement instanceof ExpressionStatement) {
-        last = ((ExpressionStatement) statement).getExpression().eval(this);
-      } else {
-        statement.exec(this);
-        last = null;
+  public boolean stackTraceContains(BaseFunction function) {
+    for (StackTraceElement element : stackTrace) {
+      if (element.hasFunction(function)) {
+        return true;
       }
     }
-    return last;
+    return false;
   }
 }