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 <h2>Introduction</h2>

 <b>ProGuard</b> is a Java class file shrinker, optimizer, obfuscator, and
 preverifier. The shrinking step detects and removes unused classes, fields,
 methods, and attributes. The optimization step analyzes and optimizes the
 bytecode of the methods. The obfuscation step renames the remaining classes,
 fields, and methods using short meaningless names. These first steps make the
 code base smaller, more efficient, and harder to reverse-engineer. The final
 preverification step adds preverification information to the classes, which is
 required for Java Micro Edition and for Java 6 and higher.
 <p>
 Each of these steps is optional. For instance, ProGuard can also be used to
 just list dead code in an application, or to preverify class files for
 efficient use in Java 6.
 <p>

 <table class="diagram" align="center">

 <tr>
 <td rowspan="4" class="lightblock">Input jars</td>
 <td colspan="8" class="transparentblock"></td>
 </tr>

 <tr>
 <td rowspan="2" class="transparentblock"></td>
 <td rowspan="3" class="lightblock">Shrunk code</td>
 <td colspan="6" class="transparentblock"></td>
 </tr>

 <tr>
 <td             class="transparentblock"></td>
 <td rowspan="2" class="lightblock">Optim. code</td>
 <td colspan="3" class="transparentblock"></td>
 <td rowspan="2" class="lightblock">Output jars</td>
 </tr>

 <tr>
 <td             class="transparentblock">- shrink &rarr;</td>
 <td             class="transparentblock">- optimize &rarr;</td>
 <td             class="transparentblock">- obfuscate &rarr;</td>
 <td             class="lightblock">Obfusc. code</td>
 <td             class="transparentblock">- preverify &rarr;</td>
 </tr>

 <tr>
 <td             class="darkblock">Library jars</td>
 <td colspan="7" class="transparentblock">------------------------------- (unchanged) -------------------------------&rarr;</td>
 <td             class="darkblock">Library jars</td>
 </tr>

 </table>
 <p>

 ProGuard first reads the <b>input jars</b> (or aars, wars, ears, zips, apks,
 or directories). It then subsequently shrinks, optimizes, obfuscates, and
 preverifies them. You can optionally let ProGuard perform multiple
 optimization passes. ProGuard writes the processed results to one or
 more <b>output jars</b> (or aars, wars, ears, zips, apks, or directories). The
 input may contain resource files, whose names and contents can optionally be
 updated to reflect the obfuscated class names.
 <p>
 ProGuard requires the <b>library jars</b> (or aars, wars, ears, zips, apks, or
 directories) of the input jars to be specified. These are essentially the
 libraries that you would need for compiling the code. ProGuard uses them to
 reconstruct the class dependencies that are necessary for proper processing.
 The library jars themselves always remain unchanged. You should still put them
 in the class path of your final application.

 <h3>Entry points</h3>

 In order to determine which code has to be preserved and which code can be
 discarded or obfuscated, you have to specify one or more <i>entry points</i> to
 your code. These entry points are typically classes with main methods, applets,
 midlets, activities, etc.
 <ul>
 <li>In the <b>shrinking step</b>, ProGuard starts from these seeds and
     recursively determines which classes and class members are used. All other
     classes and class members are discarded.</li>

 <li>In the <b>optimization step</b>, ProGuard further optimizes the code.
     Among other optimizations, classes and methods that are not entry points
     can be made private, static, or final, unused parameters can be removed,
     and some methods may be inlined.</li>

 <li>In the <b>obfuscation step</b>, ProGuard renames classes and class members
     that are not entry points. In this entire process, keeping the entry
     points ensures that they can still be accessed by their original names.</li>

 <li>The <b>preverification step</b> is the only step that doesn't have to know
     the entry points.</li>
 </ul>
 <p>
 The <a href="usage.html">Usage section</a> of this manual describes the
 necessary <a href="usage.html#keepoptions"><code>-keep</code> options</a> and
 the <a href="examples.html">Examples section</a> provides plenty of examples.

 <h3>Reflection</h3>

 Reflection and introspection present particular problems for any automatic
 processing of code. In ProGuard, classes or class members in your code that
 are created or invoked dynamically (that is, by name) have to be specified as
 entry points too. For example, <code>Class.forName()</code> constructs may
 refer to any class at run-time. It is generally impossible to compute which
 classes have to be preserved (with their original names), since the class
 names might be read from a configuration file, for instance. You therefore
 have to specify them in your ProGuard configuration, with the same
 simple <code>-keep</code> options.
 <p>
 However, ProGuard will already detect and handle the following cases for you:

 <ul>
 <li><code>Class.forName("SomeClass")</code></li>
 <li><code>SomeClass.class</code></li>
 <li><code>SomeClass.class.getField("someField")</code></li>
 <li><code>SomeClass.class.getDeclaredField("someField")</code></li>
 <li><code>SomeClass.class.getMethod("someMethod", new Class[] {})</code></li>
 <li><code>SomeClass.class.getMethod("someMethod", new Class[] { A.class })</code></li>
 <li><code>SomeClass.class.getMethod("someMethod", new Class[] { A.class, B.class })</code></li>
 <li><code>SomeClass.class.getDeclaredMethod("someMethod", new Class[] {})</code></li>
 <li><code>SomeClass.class.getDeclaredMethod("someMethod", new Class[] { A.class })</code></li>
 <li><code>SomeClass.class.getDeclaredMethod("someMethod", new Class[] { A.class, B.class })</code></li>
 <li><code>AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater.newUpdater(SomeClass.class, "someField")</code></li>
 <li><code>AtomicLongFieldUpdater.newUpdater(SomeClass.class, "someField")</code></li>
 <li><code>AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater(SomeClass.class, SomeType.class, "someField")</code></li>
 </ul>

 The names of the classes and class members may of course be different, but the
 constructs should be literally the same for ProGuard to recognize them. The
 referenced classes and class members are preserved in the shrinking phase, and
 the string arguments are properly updated in the obfuscation phase.
 <p>
 Furthermore, ProGuard will offer some suggestions if keeping some classes or
 class members appears necessary. For example, ProGuard will note constructs
 like "<code>(SomeClass)Class.forName(variable).newInstance()</code>". These
 might be an indication that the class or interface <code>SomeClass</code>
 and/or its implementations may need to be preserved. You can then adapt your
 configuration accordingly.
 <p>
 For proper results, you should at least be somewhat familiar with the code
 that you are processing. Obfuscating code that performs a lot of reflection
 may require trial and error, especially without the necessary information
 about the internals of the code.

 <hr />
 <address>
 Copyright &copy; 2002-2017
 <a target="other" href="http://www.lafortune.eu/">Eric Lafortune</a> @ <a target="top" href="http://www.guardsquare.com/">GuardSquare</a>.
 </address>
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	</noscript>

	<h2>Introduction</h2>

	<b>ProGuard</b> is a Java class file shrinker, optimizer, obfuscator, and
	preverifier. The shrinking step detects and removes unused classes, fields,
	methods, and attributes. The optimization step analyzes and optimizes the
	bytecode of the methods. The obfuscation step renames the remaining classes,
	fields, and methods using short meaningless names. These first steps make the
	code base smaller, more efficient, and harder to reverse-engineer. The final
	preverification step adds preverification information to the classes, which is
	required for Java Micro Edition and for Java 6 and higher.
	<p>
	Each of these steps is optional. For instance, ProGuard can also be used to
	just list dead code in an application, or to preverify class files for
	efficient use in Java 6.
	<p>

	<table class="diagram" align="center">

	<tr>
	<td rowspan="4" class="lightblock">Input jars</td>
	<td colspan="8" class="transparentblock"></td>
	</tr>

	<tr>
	<td rowspan="2" class="transparentblock"></td>
	<td rowspan="3" class="lightblock">Shrunk code</td>
	<td colspan="6" class="transparentblock"></td>
	</tr>

	<tr>
	<td class="transparentblock"></td>
	<td rowspan="2" class="lightblock">Optim. code</td>
	<td colspan="3" class="transparentblock"></td>
	<td rowspan="2" class="lightblock">Output jars</td>
	</tr>

	<tr>
	<td class="transparentblock">- shrink →</td>
	<td class="transparentblock">- optimize →</td>
	<td class="transparentblock">- obfuscate →</td>
	<td class="lightblock">Obfusc. code</td>
	<td class="transparentblock">- preverify →</td>
	</tr>

	<tr>
	<td class="darkblock">Library jars</td>
	<td colspan="7" class="transparentblock">------------------------------- (unchanged) -------------------------------→</td>
	<td class="darkblock">Library jars</td>
	</tr>

	</table>
	<p>

	ProGuard first reads the <b>input jars</b> (or aars, wars, ears, zips, apks,
	or directories). It then subsequently shrinks, optimizes, obfuscates, and
	preverifies them. You can optionally let ProGuard perform multiple
	optimization passes. ProGuard writes the processed results to one or
	more <b>output jars</b> (or aars, wars, ears, zips, apks, or directories). The
	input may contain resource files, whose names and contents can optionally be
	updated to reflect the obfuscated class names.
	<p>
	ProGuard requires the <b>library jars</b> (or aars, wars, ears, zips, apks, or
	directories) of the input jars to be specified. These are essentially the
	libraries that you would need for compiling the code. ProGuard uses them to
	reconstruct the class dependencies that are necessary for proper processing.
	The library jars themselves always remain unchanged. You should still put them
	in the class path of your final application.

	<h3>Entry points</h3>

	In order to determine which code has to be preserved and which code can be
	discarded or obfuscated, you have to specify one or more <i>entry points</i> to
	your code. These entry points are typically classes with main methods, applets,
	midlets, activities, etc.
	<ul>
	<li>In the <b>shrinking step</b>, ProGuard starts from these seeds and
	recursively determines which classes and class members are used. All other
	classes and class members are discarded.</li>

	<li>In the <b>optimization step</b>, ProGuard further optimizes the code.
	Among other optimizations, classes and methods that are not entry points
	can be made private, static, or final, unused parameters can be removed,
	and some methods may be inlined.</li>

	<li>In the <b>obfuscation step</b>, ProGuard renames classes and class members
	that are not entry points. In this entire process, keeping the entry
	points ensures that they can still be accessed by their original names.</li>

	<li>The <b>preverification step</b> is the only step that doesn't have to know
	the entry points.</li>
	</ul>
	<p>
	The <a href="usage.html">Usage section</a> of this manual describes the
	necessary <a href="usage.html#keepoptions"><code>-keep</code> options</a> and
	the <a href="examples.html">Examples section</a> provides plenty of examples.

	<h3>Reflection</h3>

	Reflection and introspection present particular problems for any automatic
	processing of code. In ProGuard, classes or class members in your code that
	are created or invoked dynamically (that is, by name) have to be specified as
	entry points too. For example, <code>Class.forName()</code> constructs may
	refer to any class at run-time. It is generally impossible to compute which
	classes have to be preserved (with their original names), since the class
	names might be read from a configuration file, for instance. You therefore
	have to specify them in your ProGuard configuration, with the same
	simple <code>-keep</code> options.
	<p>
	However, ProGuard will already detect and handle the following cases for you:

	<ul>
	<li><code>Class.forName("SomeClass")</code></li>
	<li><code>SomeClass.class</code></li>
	<li><code>SomeClass.class.getField("someField")</code></li>
	<li><code>SomeClass.class.getDeclaredField("someField")</code></li>
	<li><code>SomeClass.class.getMethod("someMethod", new Class[] {})</code></li>
	<li><code>SomeClass.class.getMethod("someMethod", new Class[] { A.class })</code></li>
	<li><code>SomeClass.class.getMethod("someMethod", new Class[] { A.class, B.class })</code></li>
	<li><code>SomeClass.class.getDeclaredMethod("someMethod", new Class[] {})</code></li>
	<li><code>SomeClass.class.getDeclaredMethod("someMethod", new Class[] { A.class })</code></li>
	<li><code>SomeClass.class.getDeclaredMethod("someMethod", new Class[] { A.class, B.class })</code></li>
	<li><code>AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater.newUpdater(SomeClass.class, "someField")</code></li>
	<li><code>AtomicLongFieldUpdater.newUpdater(SomeClass.class, "someField")</code></li>
	<li><code>AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater(SomeClass.class, SomeType.class, "someField")</code></li>
	</ul>

	The names of the classes and class members may of course be different, but the
	constructs should be literally the same for ProGuard to recognize them. The
	referenced classes and class members are preserved in the shrinking phase, and
	the string arguments are properly updated in the obfuscation phase.
	<p>
	Furthermore, ProGuard will offer some suggestions if keeping some classes or
	class members appears necessary. For example, ProGuard will note constructs
	like "<code>(SomeClass)Class.forName(variable).newInstance()</code>". These
	might be an indication that the class or interface <code>SomeClass</code>
	and/or its implementations may need to be preserved. You can then adapt your
	configuration accordingly.
	<p>
	For proper results, you should at least be somewhat familiar with the code
	that you are processing. Obfuscating code that performs a lot of reflection
	may require trial and error, especially without the necessary information
	about the internals of the code.

	<hr />
	<address>
	Copyright © 2002-2017
	<a target="other" href="http://www.lafortune.eu/">Eric Lafortune</a> @ <a target="top" href="http://www.guardsquare.com/">GuardSquare</a>.
	</address>
	</body>
	</html>