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Six: Python 2 and 3 Compatibility Library
=========================================
.. module:: six
:synopsis: Python 2 and 3 compatibility
.. moduleauthor:: Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>
.. sectionauthor:: Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>
Six provides simple utilities for wrapping over differences between Python 2 and
Python 3. It is intended to support codebases that work on both Python 2 and 3
without modification. six consists of only one Python file, so it is painless
to copy into a project.
Six can be downloaded on `PyPi <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/six/>`_. Its bug
tracker and code hosting is on `BitBucket <http://bitbucket.org/gutworth/six>`_.
The name, "six", comes from the fact that 2*3 equals 6. Why not addition?
Multiplication is more powerful, and, anyway, "five" has already been snatched
away by the (admittedly now moribund) Zope Five project.
Indices and tables
------------------
* :ref:`genindex`
* :ref:`search`
Package contents
----------------
.. data:: PY2
A boolean indicating if the code is running on Python 2.
.. data:: PY3
A boolean indicating if the code is running on Python 3.
Constants
>>>>>>>>>
Six provides constants that may differ between Python versions. Ones ending
``_types`` are mostly useful as the second argument to ``isinstance`` or
``issubclass``.
.. data:: class_types
Possible class types. In Python 2, this encompasses old-style and new-style
classes. In Python 3, this is just new-styles.
.. data:: integer_types
Possible integer types. In Python 2, this is :func:`py2:long` and
:func:`py2:int`, and in Python 3, just :func:`py3:int`.
.. data:: string_types
Possible types for text data. This is :func:`py2:basestring` in Python 2 and
:func:`py3:str` in Python 3.
.. data:: text_type
Type for representing (Unicode) textual data. This is :func:`py2:unicode` in
Python 2 and :func:`py3:str` in Python 3.
.. data:: binary_type
Type for representing binary data. This is :func:`py2:str` in Python 2 and
:func:`py3:bytes` in Python 3.
.. data:: MAXSIZE
The maximum size of a container like :func:`py3:list` or :func:`py3:dict`.
This is equivalent to :data:`py3:sys.maxsize` in Python 2.6 and later
(including 3.x). Note, this is temptingly similar to, but not the same as
:data:`py2:sys.maxint` in Python 2. There is no direct equivalent to
:data:`py2:sys.maxint` in Python 3 because its integer type has no limits
aside from memory.
Here's example usage of the module::
import six
def dispatch_types(value):
if isinstance(value, six.integer_types):
handle_integer(value)
elif isinstance(value, six.class_types):
handle_class(value)
elif isinstance(value, six.string_types):
handle_string(value)
Object model compatibility
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Python 3 renamed the attributes of several intepreter data structures. The
following accessors are available. Note that the recommended way to inspect
functions and methods is the stdlib :mod:`py3:inspect` module.
.. function:: get_unbound_function(meth)
Get the function out of unbound method *meth*. In Python 3, unbound methods
don't exist, so this function just returns *meth* unchanged. Example
usage::
from six import get_unbound_function
class X(object):
def method(self):
pass
method_function = get_unbound_function(X.method)
.. function:: get_method_function(meth)
Get the function out of method object *meth*.
.. function:: get_method_self(meth)
Get the ``self`` of bound method *meth*.
.. function:: get_function_closure(func)
Get the closure (list of cells) associated with *func*. This is equivalent
to ``func.__closure__`` on Python 2.6+ and ``func.func_closure`` on Python
2.5.
.. function:: get_function_code(func)
Get the code object associated with *func*. This is equivalent to
``func.__code__`` on Python 2.6+ and ``func.func_code`` on Python 2.5.
.. function:: get_function_defaults(func)
Get the defaults tuple associated with *func*. This is equivalent to
``func.__defaults__`` on Python 2.6+ and ``func.func_defaults`` on Python
2.5.
.. function:: get_function_globals(func)
Get the globals of *func*. This is equivalent to ``func.__globals__`` on
Python 2.6+ and ``func.func_globals`` on Python 2.5.
.. function:: next(it)
advance_iterator(it)
Get the next item of iterator *it*. :exc:`py3:StopIteration` is raised if
the iterator is exhausted. This is a replacement for calling ``it.next()``
in Python 2 and ``next(it)`` in Python 3.
.. function:: callable(obj)
Check if *obj* can be called. Note ``callable`` has returned in Python 3.2,
so using six's version is only necessary when supporting Python 3.0 or 3.1.
.. function:: iterkeys(dictionary, **kwargs)
Returns an iterator over *dictionary*\'s keys. This replaces
``dictionary.iterkeys()`` on Python 2 and ``dictionary.keys()`` on
Python 3. *kwargs* are passed through to the underlying method.
.. function:: itervalues(dictionary, **kwargs)
Returns an iterator over *dictionary*\'s values. This replaces
``dictionary.itervalues()`` on Python 2 and ``dictionary.values()`` on
Python 3. *kwargs* are passed through to the underlying method.
.. function:: iteritems(dictionary, **kwargs)
Returns an iterator over *dictionary*\'s items. This replaces
``dictionary.iteritems()`` on Python 2 and ``dictionary.items()`` on
Python 3. *kwargs* are passed through to the underlying method.
.. function:: iterlists(dictionary, **kwargs)
Calls ``dictionary.iterlists()`` on Python 2 and ``dictionary.lists()`` on
Python 3. No builtin Python mapping type has such a method; this method is
intended for use with multi-valued dictionaries like `Werkzeug's
<http://werkzeug.pocoo.org/docs/datastructures/#werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict>`_.
*kwargs* are passed through to the underlying method.
.. function:: viewkeys(dictionary)
Return a view over *dictionary*\'s keys. This replaces
:meth:`py2:dict.viewkeys` on Python 2.7 and :meth:`py3:dict.keys` on
Python 3.
.. function:: viewvalues(dictionary)
Return a view over *dictionary*\'s values. This replaces
:meth:`py2:dict.viewvalues` on Python 2.7 and :meth:`py3:dict.values` on
Python 3.
.. function:: viewitems(dictionary)
Return a view over *dictionary*\'s items. This replaces
:meth:`py2:dict.viewitems` on Python 2.7 and :meth:`py3:dict.items` on
Python 3.
.. function:: create_bound_method(func, obj)
Return a method object wrapping *func* and bound to *obj*. On both Python 2
and 3, this will return a :func:`py3:types.MethodType` object. The reason
this wrapper exists is that on Python 2, the ``MethodType`` constructor
requires the *obj*'s class to be passed.
.. function:: create_unbound_method(func, cls)
Return an unbound method object wrapping *func*. In Python 2, this will
return a :func:`py2:types.MethodType` object. In Python 3, unbound methods
do not exist and this wrapper will simply return *func*.
.. class:: Iterator
A class for making portable iterators. The intention is that it be subclassed
and subclasses provide a ``__next__`` method. In Python 2, :class:`Iterator`
has one method: ``next``. It simply delegates to ``__next__``. An alternate
way to do this would be to simply alias ``next`` to ``__next__``. However,
this interacts badly with subclasses that override
``__next__``. :class:`Iterator` is empty on Python 3. (In fact, it is just
aliased to :class:`py3:object`.)
.. decorator:: wraps(wrapped, assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS, updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES)
This is exactly the :func:`py3:functools.wraps` decorator, but it sets the
``__wrapped__`` attribute on what it decorates as :func:`py3:functools.wraps`
does on Python versions after 3.2.
Syntax compatibility
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
These functions smooth over operations which have different syntaxes between
Python 2 and 3.
.. function:: exec_(code, globals=None, locals=None)
Execute *code* in the scope of *globals* and *locals*. *code* can be a
string or a code object. If *globals* or *locals* are not given, they will
default to the scope of the caller. If just *globals* is given, it will also
be used as *locals*.
.. note::
Python 3's :func:`py3:exec` doesn't take keyword arguments, so calling
:func:`exec` with them should be avoided.
.. function:: print_(*args, *, file=sys.stdout, end="\\n", sep=" ", flush=False)
Print *args* into *file*. Each argument will be separated with *sep* and
*end* will be written to the file after the last argument is printed. If
*flush* is true, ``file.flush()`` will be called after all data is written.
.. note::
In Python 2, this function imitates Python 3's :func:`py3:print` by not
having softspace support. If you don't know what that is, you're probably
ok. :)
.. function:: raise_from(exc_value, exc_value_from)
Raise an exception from a context. On Python 3, this is equivalent to
``raise exc_value from exc_value_from``. On Python 2, which does not support
exception chaining, it is equivalent to ``raise exc_value``.
.. function:: reraise(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback=None)
Reraise an exception, possibly with a different traceback. In the simple
case, ``reraise(*sys.exc_info())`` with an active exception (in an except
block) reraises the current exception with the last traceback. A different
traceback can be specified with the *exc_traceback* parameter. Note that
since the exception reraising is done within the :func:`reraise` function,
Python will attach the call frame of :func:`reraise` to whatever traceback is
raised.
.. function:: with_metaclass(metaclass, *bases)
Create a new class with base classes *bases* and metaclass *metaclass*. This
is designed to be used in class declarations like this: ::
from six import with_metaclass
class Meta(type):
pass
class Base(object):
pass
class MyClass(with_metaclass(Meta, Base)):
pass
Another way to set a metaclass on a class is with the :func:`add_metaclass`
decorator.
.. decorator:: add_metaclass(metaclass)
Class decorator that replaces a normally-constructed class with a
metaclass-constructed one. Example usage: ::
@add_metaclass(Meta)
class MyClass(object):
pass
That code produces a class equivalent to ::
class MyClass(object, metaclass=Meta):
pass
on Python 3 or ::
class MyClass(object):
__metaclass__ = MyMeta
on Python 2.
Note that class decorators require Python 2.6. However, the effect of the
decorator can be emulated on Python 2.5 like so::
class MyClass(object):
pass
MyClass = add_metaclass(Meta)(MyClass)
Binary and text data
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Python 3 enforces the distinction between byte strings and text strings far more
rigoriously than Python 2 does; binary data cannot be automatically coerced to
or from text data. six provides several functions to assist in classifying
string data in all Python versions.
.. function:: b(data)
A "fake" bytes literal. *data* should always be a normal string literal. In
Python 2, :func:`b` returns a 8-bit string. In Python 3, *data* is encoded
with the latin-1 encoding to bytes.
.. note::
Since all Python versions 2.6 and after support the ``b`` prefix,
:func:`b`, code without 2.5 support doesn't need :func:`b`.
.. function:: u(text)
A "fake" unicode literal. *text* should always be a normal string literal.
In Python 2, :func:`u` returns unicode, and in Python 3, a string. Also, in
Python 2, the string is decoded with the ``unicode-escape`` codec, which
allows unicode escapes to be used in it.
.. note::
In Python 3.3, the ``u`` prefix has been reintroduced. Code that only
supports Python 3 versions of 3.3 and higher thus does not need
:func:`u`.
.. note::
On Python 2, :func:`u` doesn't know what the encoding of the literal
is. Each byte is converted directly to the unicode codepoint of the same
value. Because of this, it's only safe to use :func:`u` with strings of
ASCII data.
.. function:: unichr(c)
Return the (Unicode) string representing the codepoint *c*. This is
equivalent to :func:`py2:unichr` on Python 2 and :func:`py3:chr` on Python 3.
.. function:: int2byte(i)
Converts *i* to a byte. *i* must be in ``range(0, 256)``. This is
equivalent to :func:`py2:chr` in Python 2 and ``bytes((i,))`` in Python 3.
.. function:: byte2int(bs)
Converts the first byte of *bs* to an integer. This is equivalent to
``ord(bs[0])`` on Python 2 and ``bs[0]`` on Python 3.
.. function:: indexbytes(buf, i)
Return the byte at index *i* of *buf* as an integer. This is equivalent to
indexing a bytes object in Python 3.
.. function:: iterbytes(buf)
Return an iterator over bytes in *buf* as integers. This is equivalent to
a bytes object iterator in Python 3.
.. data:: StringIO
This is an fake file object for textual data. It's an alias for
:class:`py2:StringIO.StringIO` in Python 2 and :class:`py3:io.StringIO` in
Python 3.
.. data:: BytesIO
This is a fake file object for binary data. In Python 2, it's an alias for
:class:`py2:StringIO.StringIO`, but in Python 3, it's an alias for
:class:`py3:io.BytesIO`.
.. decorator:: python_2_unicode_compatible
A class decorator that takes a class defining a ``__str__`` method. On
Python 3, the decorator does nothing. On Python 2, it aliases the
``__str__`` method to ``__unicode__`` and creates a new ``__str__`` method
that returns the result of ``__unicode__()`` encoded with UTF-8.
unittest assertions
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Six contains compatibility shims for unittest assertions that have been renamed.
The parameters are the same as their aliases, but you must pass the test method
as the first argument. For example::
import six
import unittest
class TestAssertCountEqual(unittest.TestCase):
def test(self):
six.assertCountEqual(self, (1, 2), [2, 1])
Note these functions are only available on Python 2.7 or later.
.. function:: assertCountEqual()
Alias for :meth:`~py3:unittest.TestCase.assertCountEqual` on Python 3 and
:meth:`~py2:unittest.TestCase.assertItemsEqual` on Python 2.
.. function:: assertRaisesRegex()
Alias for :meth:`~py3:unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex` on Python 3 and
:meth:`~py2:unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp` on Python 2.
.. function:: assertRegex()
Alias for :meth:`~py3:unittest.TestCase.assertRegex` on Python 3 and
:meth:`~py2:unittest.TestCase.assertRegexpMatches` on Python 2.
Renamed modules and attributes compatibility
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
.. module:: six.moves
:synopsis: Renamed modules and attributes compatibility
Python 3 reorganized the standard library and moved several functions to
different modules. Six provides a consistent interface to them through the fake
:mod:`six.moves` module. For example, to load the module for parsing HTML on
Python 2 or 3, write::
from six.moves import html_parser
Similarly, to get the function to reload modules, which was moved from the
builtin module to the ``imp`` module, use::
from six.moves import reload_module
For the most part, :mod:`six.moves` aliases are the names of the modules in
Python 3. When the new Python 3 name is a package, the components of the name
are separated by underscores. For example, ``html.parser`` becomes
``html_parser``. In some cases where several modules have been combined, the
Python 2 name is retained. This is so the appropiate modules can be found when
running on Python 2. For example, ``BaseHTTPServer`` which is in
``http.server`` in Python 3 is aliased as ``BaseHTTPServer``.
Some modules which had two implementations have been merged in Python 3. For
example, ``cPickle`` no longer exists in Python 3; it was merged with
``pickle``. In these cases, fetching the fast version will load the fast one on
Python 2 and the merged module in Python 3.
The :mod:`py2:urllib`, :mod:`py2:urllib2`, and :mod:`py2:urlparse` modules have
been combined in the :mod:`py3:urllib` package in Python 3. The
:mod:`six.moves.urllib` package is a version-independent location for this
functionality; its structure mimics the structure of the Python 3
:mod:`py3:urllib` package.
.. note::
In order to make imports of the form::
from six.moves.cPickle import loads
work, six places special proxy objects in in :data:`py3:sys.modules`. These
proxies lazily load the underlying module when an attribute is fetched. This
will fail if the underlying module is not available in the Python
interpreter. For example, ``sys.modules["six.moves.winreg"].LoadKey`` would
fail on any non-Windows platform. Unfortunately, some applications try to
load attributes on every module in :data:`py3:sys.modules`. six mitigates
this problem for some applications by pretending attributes on unimportable
modules don't exist. This hack doesn't work in every case, though. If you are
encountering problems with the lazy modules and don't use any from imports
directly from ``six.moves`` modules, you can workaround the issue by removing
the six proxy modules::
d = [name for name in sys.modules if name.startswith("six.moves.")]
for name in d:
del sys.modules[name]
Supported renames:
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Name | Python 2 name | Python 3 name |
+==============================+=====================================+=====================================+
| ``builtins`` | :mod:`py2:__builtin__` | :mod:`py3:builtins` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``configparser`` | :mod:`py2:ConfigParser` | :mod:`py3:configparser` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``copyreg`` | :mod:`py2:copy_reg` | :mod:`py3:copyreg` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``cPickle`` | :mod:`py2:cPickle` | :mod:`py3:pickle` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``cStringIO`` | :func:`py2:cStringIO.StringIO` | :class:`py3:io.StringIO` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``dbm_gnu`` | :func:`py2:gdbm` | :class:`py3:dbm.gnu` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``_dummy_thread`` | :mod:`py2:dummy_thread` | :mod:`py3:_dummy_thread` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``email_mime_multipart`` | :mod:`py2:email.MIMEMultipart` | :mod:`py3:email.mime.multipart` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``email_mime_nonmultipart`` | :mod:`py2:email.MIMENonMultipart` | :mod:`py3:email.mime.nonmultipart` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``email_mime_text`` | :mod:`py2:email.MIMEText` | :mod:`py3:email.mime.text` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``email_mime_base`` | :mod:`py2:email.MIMEBase` | :mod:`py3:email.mime.base` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``filter`` | :func:`py2:itertools.ifilter` | :func:`py3:filter` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``filterfalse`` | :func:`py2:itertools.ifilterfalse` | :func:`py3:itertools.filterfalse` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``getcwd`` | :func:`py2:os.getcwdu` | :func:`py3:os.getcwd` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``getcwdb`` | :func:`py2:os.getcwd` | :func:`py3:os.getcwdb` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``http_cookiejar`` | :mod:`py2:cookielib` | :mod:`py3:http.cookiejar` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``http_cookies`` | :mod:`py2:Cookie` | :mod:`py3:http.cookies` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``html_entities`` | :mod:`py2:htmlentitydefs` | :mod:`py3:html.entities` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``html_parser`` | :mod:`py2:HTMLParser` | :mod:`py3:html.parser` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``http_client`` | :mod:`py2:httplib` | :mod:`py3:http.client` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``BaseHTTPServer`` | :mod:`py2:BaseHTTPServer` | :mod:`py3:http.server` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``CGIHTTPServer`` | :mod:`py2:CGIHTTPServer` | :mod:`py3:http.server` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``SimpleHTTPServer`` | :mod:`py2:SimpleHTTPServer` | :mod:`py3:http.server` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``input`` | :func:`py2:raw_input` | :func:`py3:input` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``intern`` | :func:`py2:intern` | :func:`py3:sys.intern` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``map`` | :func:`py2:itertools.imap` | :func:`py3:map` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``queue`` | :mod:`py2:Queue` | :mod:`py3:queue` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``range`` | :func:`py2:xrange` | :func:`py3:range` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``reduce`` | :func:`py2:reduce` | :func:`py3:functools.reduce` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``reload_module`` | :func:`py2:reload` | :func:`py3:imp.reload`, |
| | | :func:`py3:importlib.reload` |
| | | on Python 3.4+ |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``reprlib`` | :mod:`py2:repr` | :mod:`py3:reprlib` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``shlex_quote`` | :mod:`py2:pipes.quote` | :mod:`py3:shlex.quote` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``socketserver`` | :mod:`py2:SocketServer` | :mod:`py3:socketserver` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``_thread`` | :mod:`py2:thread` | :mod:`py3:_thread` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter`` | :mod:`py2:Tkinter` | :mod:`py3:tkinter` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter_dialog`` | :mod:`py2:Dialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.dialog` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter_filedialog`` | :mod:`py2:FileDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.FileDialog` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter_scrolledtext`` | :mod:`py2:ScrolledText` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.scrolledtext` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter_simpledialog`` | :mod:`py2:SimpleDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.simpledialog` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter_ttk`` | :mod:`py2:ttk` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.ttk` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter_tix`` | :mod:`py2:Tix` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.tix` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter_constants`` | :mod:`py2:Tkconstants` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.constants` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter_dnd`` | :mod:`py2:Tkdnd` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.dnd` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter_colorchooser`` | :mod:`py2:tkColorChooser` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.colorchooser` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter_commondialog`` | :mod:`py2:tkCommonDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.commondialog` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter_tkfiledialog`` | :mod:`py2:tkFileDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.filedialog` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter_font`` | :mod:`py2:tkFont` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.font` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter_messagebox`` | :mod:`py2:tkMessageBox` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.messagebox` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``tkinter_tksimpledialog`` | :mod:`py2:tkSimpleDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.simpledialog` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``urllib.parse`` | See :mod:`six.moves.urllib.parse` | :mod:`py3:urllib.parse` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``urllib.error`` | See :mod:`six.moves.urllib.error` | :mod:`py3:urllib.error` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``urllib.request`` | See :mod:`six.moves.urllib.request` | :mod:`py3:urllib.request` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``urllib.response`` | See :mod:`six.moves.urllib.response`| :mod:`py3:urllib.response` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``urllib.robotparser`` | :mod:`py2:robotparser` | :mod:`py3:urllib.robotparser` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``urllib_robotparser`` | :mod:`py2:robotparser` | :mod:`py3:urllib.robotparser` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``UserDict`` | :class:`py2:UserDict.UserDict` | :class:`py3:collections.UserDict` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``UserList`` | :class:`py2:UserList.UserList` | :class:`py3:collections.UserList` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``UserString`` | :class:`py2:UserString.UserString` | :class:`py3:collections.UserString` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``winreg`` | :mod:`py2:_winreg` | :mod:`py3:winreg` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``xmlrpc_client`` | :mod:`py2:xmlrpclib` | :mod:`py3:xmlrpc.client` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``xmlrpc_server`` | :mod:`py2:SimpleXMLRPCServer` | :mod:`py3:xmlrpc.server` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``xrange`` | :func:`py2:xrange` | :func:`py3:range` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``zip`` | :func:`py2:itertools.izip` | :func:`py3:zip` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``zip_longest`` | :func:`py2:itertools.izip_longest` | :func:`py3:itertools.zip_longest` |
+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
urllib parse
<<<<<<<<<<<<
.. module:: six.moves.urllib.parse
:synopsis: Stuff from :mod:`py2:urlparse` and :mod:`py2:urllib` in Python 2 and :mod:`py3:urllib.parse` in Python 3
Contains functions from Python 3's :mod:`py3:urllib.parse` and Python 2's:
:mod:`py2:urlparse`:
* :func:`py2:urlparse.ParseResult`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.SplitResult`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.urlparse`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.urlunparse`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.parse_qs`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.parse_qsl`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.urljoin`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.urldefrag`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.urlsplit`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.urlunsplit`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.splitquery`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_fragment`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_netloc`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_params`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_query`
* :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_relative`
and :mod:`py2:urllib`:
* :func:`py2:urllib.quote`
* :func:`py2:urllib.quote_plus`
* :func:`py2:urllib.splittag`
* :func:`py2:urllib.splituser`
* :func:`py2:urllib.unquote`
* :func:`py2:urllib.unquote_plus`
* :func:`py2:urllib.urlencode`
urllib error
<<<<<<<<<<<<
.. module:: six.moves.urllib.error
:synopsis: Stuff from :mod:`py2:urllib` and :mod:`py2:urllib2` in Python 2 and :mod:`py3:urllib.error` in Python 3
Contains exceptions from Python 3's :mod:`py3:urllib.error` and Python 2's:
:mod:`py2:urllib`:
* :exc:`py2:urllib.ContentTooShortError`
and :mod:`py2:urllib2`:
* :exc:`py2:urllib2.URLError`
* :exc:`py2:urllib2.HTTPError`
urllib request
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.. module:: six.moves.urllib.request
:synopsis: Stuff from :mod:`py2:urllib` and :mod:`py2:urllib2` in Python 2 and :mod:`py3:urllib.request` in Python 3
Contains items from Python 3's :mod:`py3:urllib.request` and Python 2's:
:mod:`py2:urllib`:
* :func:`py2:urllib.pathname2url`
* :func:`py2:urllib.url2pathname`
* :func:`py2:urllib.getproxies`
* :func:`py2:urllib.urlretrieve`
* :func:`py2:urllib.urlcleanup`
* :class:`py2:urllib.URLopener`
* :class:`py2:urllib.FancyURLopener`
* :func:`py2:urllib.proxy_bypass`
and :mod:`py2:urllib2`:
* :func:`py2:urllib2.urlopen`
* :func:`py2:urllib2.install_opener`
* :func:`py2:urllib2.build_opener`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.Request`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.OpenerDirector`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPDefaultErrorHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPRedirectHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.ProxyHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.BaseHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPPasswordMgr`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.AbstractBasicAuthHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.ProxyBasicAuthHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.AbstractDigestAuthHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPDigestAuthHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.ProxyDigestAuthHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPSHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.FileHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.FTPHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.CacheFTPHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.UnknownHandler`
* :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPErrorProcessor`
urllib response
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
.. module:: six.moves.urllib.response
:synopsis: Stuff from :mod:`py2:urllib` in Python 2 and :mod:`py3:urllib.response` in Python 3
Contains classes from Python 3's :mod:`py3:urllib.response` and Python 2's:
:mod:`py2:urllib`:
* :class:`py2:urllib.addbase`
* :class:`py2:urllib.addclosehook`
* :class:`py2:urllib.addinfo`
* :class:`py2:urllib.addinfourl`
Advanced - Customizing renames
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
.. currentmodule:: six
It is possible to add additional names to the :mod:`six.moves` namespace.
.. function:: add_move(item)
Add *item* to the :mod:`six.moves` mapping. *item* should be a
:class:`MovedAttribute` or :class:`MovedModule` instance.
.. function:: remove_move(name)
Remove the :mod:`six.moves` mapping called *name*. *name* should be a
string.
Instances of the following classes can be passed to :func:`add_move`. Neither
have any public members.
.. class:: MovedModule(name, old_mod, new_mod)
Create a mapping for :mod:`six.moves` called *name* that references different
modules in Python 2 and 3. *old_mod* is the name of the Python 2 module.
*new_mod* is the name of the Python 3 module.
.. class:: MovedAttribute(name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None)
Create a mapping for :mod:`six.moves` called *name* that references different
attributes in Python 2 and 3. *old_mod* is the name of the Python 2 module.
*new_mod* is the name of the Python 3 module. If *new_attr* is not given, it
defaults to *old_attr*. If neither is given, they both default to *name*.