src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/vfs/Path.java

// Copyright 2019 The Bazel Authors. All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//
package com.google.devtools.build.lib.vfs;

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;

import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.common.hash.Hasher;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.concurrent.ThreadSafety.ThreadSafe;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.skyframe.serialization.autocodec.AutoCodec;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.util.FileType;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;

/**
 * A local file path representing a file on the host machine. You should use this when you want to
 * access local files via the file system.
 *
 * <p>Paths are always absolute.
 *
 * <p>Strings are normalized with '.' and '..' removed and resolved (if possible), any multiple
 * slashes ('/') removed, and any trailing slash also removed. Windows drive letters are uppercased.
 * The current implementation does not touch the incoming path string unless the string actually
 * needs to be normalized.
 *
 * <p>There is some limited support for Windows-style paths. Most importantly, drive identifiers in
 * front of a path (c:/abc) are supported and such paths are correctly recognized as absolute, as
 * are paths with backslash separators (C:\\foo\\bar). However, advanced Windows-style features like
 * \\\\network\\paths and \\\\?\\unc\\paths are not supported. We are currently using forward
 * slashes ('/') even on Windows, so backslashes '\' get converted to forward slashes during
 * normalization.
 *
 * <p>Mac and Windows file paths are case insensitive. Case is preserved.
 */
@ThreadSafe
@AutoCodec
public class Path implements Comparable<Path>, Serializable, FileType.HasFileType {
  private static FileSystem fileSystemForSerialization;

  /**
   * We need to specify used FileSystem. In this case we can save memory during the serialization.
   */
  public static void setFileSystemForSerialization(FileSystem fileSystem) {
    fileSystemForSerialization = fileSystem;
  }

  /**
   * Returns FileSystem that we are using.
   */
  public static FileSystem getFileSystemForSerialization() {
    return fileSystemForSerialization;
  }

  private PathFragment pathFragment;
  private FileSystem fileSystem;

  /** Creates a local path that is specific to the host OS. */
  static Path create(String path, FileSystem fileSystem) {
    checkNotNull(path);
    return create(PathFragment.create(path), fileSystem);
  }

  @AutoCodec.Instantiator
  static Path create(PathFragment pathFragment, FileSystem fileSystem) {
    return new Path(pathFragment, fileSystem);
  }

  /** This method expects path to already be normalized. */
  private Path(PathFragment pathFragment, FileSystem fileSystem) {
    checkArgument(pathFragment.isAbsolute(), "Paths must be absolute: '%s'", pathFragment);
    this.pathFragment = pathFragment;
    this.fileSystem = fileSystem;
  }

  public String getPathString() {
    return pathFragment.getPathString();
  }

  @Override
  public String filePathForFileTypeMatcher() {
    return pathFragment.getPathString();
  }

  /**
   * Returns the name of the leaf file or directory.
   *
   * <p>If called on a {@link Path} instance for a mount name (eg. '/' or 'C:/'), the empty string
   * is returned.
   */
  public String getBaseName() {
    return pathFragment.getBaseName();
  }

  /** Synonymous with {@link Path#getRelative(String)}. */
  public Path getChild(String child) {
    FileSystemUtils.checkBaseName(child);
    return getRelative(child);
  }

  /**
   * Returns a {@link Path} instance representing the relative path between this {@link Path} and
   * the given path.
   */
  public Path getRelative(PathFragment other) {
    checkNotNull(other);
    return new Path(pathFragment.getRelative(other), fileSystem);
  }

  /**
   * Returns a {@link Path} instance representing the relative path between this {@link Path} and
   * the given path.
   */
  public Path getRelative(String other) {
    checkNotNull(other);
    return new Path(pathFragment.getRelative(other), fileSystem);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the parent directory of this {@link Path}.
   *
   * <p>If called on a root (like '/'), it returns null.
   */
  @Nullable
  public Path getParentDirectory() {
    PathFragment parentPath = pathFragment.getParentDirectory();
    if (parentPath == null) {
      return null;
    }
    return new Path(parentPath, fileSystem);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the {@link Path} relative to the base {@link Path}.
   *
   * <p>For example, <code>Path.create("foo/bar/wiz").relativeTo(Path.create("foo"))
   * </code> returns <code>Path.create("bar/wiz")</code>.
   *
   * <p>If the {@link Path} is not a child of the passed {@link Path} an {@link
   * IllegalArgumentException} is thrown. In particular, this will happen whenever the two {@link
   * Path} instances aren't both absolute or both relative.
   */
  public PathFragment relativeTo(Path base) {
    checkNotNull(base);
    checkSameFileSystem(base);
    return pathFragment.relativeTo(base.pathFragment);
  }

  /**
   * Returns whether this path is an ancestor of another path.
   *
   * <p>A path is considered an ancestor of itself.
   */
  public boolean startsWith(Path other) {
    if (fileSystem != other.fileSystem) {
      return false;
    }
    return pathFragment.startsWith(other.pathFragment);
  }

  /**
   * Returns whether this path is an ancestor of another path.
   *
   * <p>A path is considered an ancestor of itself.
   *
   * <p>An absolute path can never be an ancestor of a relative path fragment.
   */
  public boolean startsWith(PathFragment other) {
    return pathFragment.startsWith(other);
  }

  public FileSystem getFileSystem() {
    return fileSystem;
  }

  public PathFragment asFragment() {
    return pathFragment;
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return pathFragment.getPathString();
  }

  @Override
  public boolean equals(Object o) {
    if (this == o) {
      return true;
    }
    if (!(o instanceof Path)) {
      return false;
    }
    Path other = (Path) o;
    return fileSystem == other.fileSystem && pathFragment.equals(other.pathFragment);
  }

  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    // Do not include file system for efficiency.
    // In practice we never construct paths from different file systems.
    return pathFragment.hashCode();
  }

  @Override
  public int compareTo(Path o) {
    // If they are on different file systems, the file system decides the ordering.
    FileSystem otherFs = o.getFileSystem();
    if (!fileSystem.equals(otherFs)) {
      int thisFileSystemHash = System.identityHashCode(fileSystem);
      int otherFileSystemHash = System.identityHashCode(otherFs);
      if (thisFileSystemHash < otherFileSystemHash) {
        return -1;
      } else if (thisFileSystemHash > otherFileSystemHash) {
        return 1;
      }
    }
    return pathFragment.compareTo(o.pathFragment);
  }

  /** Returns true iff this path denotes an existing file of any kind. Follows symbolic links. */
  public boolean exists() {
    return fileSystem.exists(asFragment(), true);
  }

  /**
   * Returns true iff this path denotes an existing file of any kind.
   *
   * @param followSymlinks if {@link Symlinks#FOLLOW}, and this path denotes a symbolic link, the
   *     link is dereferenced until a file other than a symbolic link is found
   */
  public boolean exists(Symlinks followSymlinks) {
    return fileSystem.exists(asFragment(), followSymlinks.toBoolean());
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new, immutable collection containing the names of all entities within the directory
   * denoted by the current path. Follows symbolic links.
   *
   * @throws FileNotFoundException If the directory is not found
   * @throws IOException If the path does not denote a directory
   */
  public Collection<Path> getDirectoryEntries() throws IOException, FileNotFoundException {
    Collection<String> entries = fileSystem.getDirectoryEntries(asFragment());
    Collection<Path> result = new ArrayList<>(entries.size());
    for (String entry : entries) {
      result.add(getChild(entry));
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a collection of the names and types of all entries within the directory denoted by the
   * current path. Follows symbolic links if {@code followSymlinks} is true. Note that the order of
   * the returned entries is not guaranteed.
   *
   * @param followSymlinks whether to follow symlinks or not
   * @throws FileNotFoundException If the directory is not found
   * @throws IOException If the path does not denote a directory
   */
  public Collection<Dirent> readdir(Symlinks followSymlinks) throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.readdir(asFragment(), followSymlinks.toBoolean());
  }

  /**
   * Returns the status of a file, following symbolic links.
   *
   * @throws IOException if there was an error obtaining the file status. Note, some implementations
   *     may defer the I/O, and hence the throwing of the exception, until the accessor methods of
   *     {@code FileStatus} are called.
   */
  public FileStatus stat() throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.stat(asFragment(), true);
  }

  /** Like stat(), but returns null on file-nonexistence instead of throwing. */
  public FileStatus statNullable() {
    return statNullable(Symlinks.FOLLOW);
  }

  /** Like stat(), but returns null on file-nonexistence instead of throwing. */
  public FileStatus statNullable(Symlinks symlinks) {
    return fileSystem.statNullable(asFragment(), symlinks.toBoolean());
  }

  /**
   * Returns the status of a file, optionally following symbolic links.
   *
   * @param followSymlinks if {@link Symlinks#FOLLOW}, and this path denotes a symbolic link, the
   *     link is dereferenced until a file other than a symbolic link is found
   * @throws IOException if there was an error obtaining the file status. Note, some implementations
   *     may defer the I/O, and hence the throwing of the exception, until the accessor methods of
   *     {@code FileStatus} are called
   */
  public FileStatus stat(Symlinks followSymlinks) throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.stat(asFragment(), followSymlinks.toBoolean());
  }

  /**
   * Like {@link #stat}, but may return null if the file is not found (corresponding to {@code
   * ENOENT} and {@code ENOTDIR} in Unix's stat(2) function) instead of throwing. Follows symbolic
   * links.
   */
  public FileStatus statIfFound() throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.statIfFound(asFragment(), true);
  }

  /**
   * Like {@link #stat}, but may return null if the file is not found (corresponding to {@code
   * ENOENT} and {@code ENOTDIR} in Unix's stat(2) function) instead of throwing.
   *
   * @param followSymlinks if {@link Symlinks#FOLLOW}, and this path denotes a symbolic link, the
   *     link is dereferenced until a file other than a symbolic link is found
   */
  public FileStatus statIfFound(Symlinks followSymlinks) throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.statIfFound(asFragment(), followSymlinks.toBoolean());
  }

  /** Returns true iff this path denotes an existing directory. Follows symbolic links. */
  public boolean isDirectory() {
    return fileSystem.isDirectory(asFragment(), true);
  }

  /**
   * Returns true iff this path denotes an existing directory.
   *
   * @param followSymlinks if {@link Symlinks#FOLLOW}, and this path denotes a symbolic link, the
   *     link is dereferenced until a file other than a symbolic link is found
   */
  public boolean isDirectory(Symlinks followSymlinks) {
    return fileSystem.isDirectory(asFragment(), followSymlinks.toBoolean());
  }

  /**
   * Returns true iff this path denotes an existing regular or special file. Follows symbolic links.
   *
   * <p>For our purposes, "file" includes special files (socket, fifo, block or char devices) too;
   * it excludes symbolic links and directories.
   */
  public boolean isFile() {
    return fileSystem.isFile(asFragment(), true);
  }

  /**
   * Returns true iff this path denotes an existing regular or special file.
   *
   * <p>For our purposes, a "file" includes special files (socket, fifo, block or char devices) too;
   * it excludes symbolic links and directories.
   *
   * @param followSymlinks if {@link Symlinks#FOLLOW}, and this path denotes a symbolic link, the
   *     link is dereferenced until a file other than a symbolic link is found.
   */
  public boolean isFile(Symlinks followSymlinks) {
    return fileSystem.isFile(asFragment(), followSymlinks.toBoolean());
  }

  /**
   * Returns true iff this path denotes an existing special file (e.g. fifo). Follows symbolic
   * links.
   */
  public boolean isSpecialFile() {
    return fileSystem.isSpecialFile(asFragment(), true);
  }

  /**
   * Returns true iff this path denotes an existing special file (e.g. fifo).
   *
   * @param followSymlinks if {@link Symlinks#FOLLOW}, and this path denotes a symbolic link, the
   *     link is dereferenced until a path other than a symbolic link is found.
   */
  public boolean isSpecialFile(Symlinks followSymlinks) {
    return fileSystem.isSpecialFile(asFragment(), followSymlinks.toBoolean());
  }

  /**
   * Returns true iff this path denotes an existing symbolic link. Does not follow symbolic links.
   */
  public boolean isSymbolicLink() {
    return fileSystem.isSymbolicLink(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Returns an output stream to the file denoted by the current path, creating it and truncating it
   * if necessary. The stream is opened for writing.
   *
   * @throws FileNotFoundException If the file cannot be found or created.
   * @throws IOException If a different error occurs.
   */
  public OutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException {
    return getOutputStream(false);
  }

  /**
   * Returns an output stream to the file denoted by the current path, creating it and truncating it
   * if necessary. The stream is opened for writing.
   *
   * @param append whether to open the file in append mode.
   * @throws FileNotFoundException If the file cannot be found or created.
   * @throws IOException If a different error occurs.
   */
  public OutputStream getOutputStream(boolean append) throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.getOutputStream(asFragment(), append);
  }

  /**
   * Returns an output stream to the file denoted by the current path, creating it and truncating it
   * if necessary. The stream is opened for writing.
   *
   * @param append whether to open the file in append mode.
   * @param internal whether the file is a Bazel internal file.
   * @throws FileNotFoundException If the file cannot be found or created.
   * @throws IOException If a different error occurs.
   */
  public OutputStream getOutputStream(boolean append, boolean internal) throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.getOutputStream(asFragment(), append, internal);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a directory with the name of the current path, not following symbolic links. Returns
   * normally iff the directory exists after the call: true if the directory was created by this
   * call, false if the directory was already in existence. Throws an exception if the directory
   * could not be created for any reason.
   *
   * @throws IOException if the directory creation failed for any reason
   */
  public boolean createDirectory() throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.createDirectory(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Creates a writable directory or ensures an existing one at current path is writable. Does not
   * follow symlinks. Returns whether a new directory has been created (including false if it only
   * adjusts permissions for an existing directory).
   *
   * <p>Returns normally iff directory at current path exists and is writable.
   *
   * <p>This operation is not atomic -- concurrent modifications of the path will result in
   * undefined behavior.
   */
  public boolean createWritableDirectory() throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.createWritableDirectory(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Ensures that the directory with the name of the current path and all its ancestor directories
   * exist.
   *
   * <p>Does not return whether the directory already existed or was created by some other
   * concurrent call to this method.
   *
   * @throws IOException if the directory creation failed for any reason
   */
  public void createDirectoryAndParents() throws IOException {
    fileSystem.createDirectoryAndParents(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Creates a symbolic link with the name of the current path, following symbolic links. The
   * referent of the created symlink is is the absolute path "target"; it is not possible to create
   * relative symbolic links via this method.
   *
   * @throws IOException if the creation of the symbolic link was unsuccessful for any reason
   */
  public void createSymbolicLink(Path target) throws IOException {
    checkSameFileSystem(target);
    fileSystem.createSymbolicLink(asFragment(), target.asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Creates a symbolic link with the name of the current path, following symbolic links. The
   * referent of the created symlink is is the path fragment "target", which may be absolute or
   * relative.
   *
   * @throws IOException if the creation of the symbolic link was unsuccessful for any reason
   */
  public void createSymbolicLink(PathFragment target) throws IOException {
    fileSystem.createSymbolicLink(asFragment(), target);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the target of the current path, which must be a symbolic link. The link contents are
   * returned exactly, and may contain an absolute or relative path. Analogous to readlink(2).
   *
   * <p>Note: for {@link FileSystem}s where {@link
   * FileSystem#supportsSymbolicLinksNatively(PathFragment)} returns false, this method will throw
   * an {@link UnsupportedOperationException} if the link points to a non-existent file.
   *
   * @return the content (i.e. target) of the symbolic link
   * @throws IOException if the current path is not a symbolic link, or the contents of the link
   *     could not be read for any reason
   */
  public PathFragment readSymbolicLink() throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.readSymbolicLink(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * If the current path is a symbolic link, returns the target of this symbolic link. The semantics
   * are intentionally left underspecified otherwise to permit efficient implementations.
   *
   * @return the content (i.e. target) of the symbolic link
   * @throws IOException if the current path is not a symbolic link, or the contents of the link
   *     could not be read for any reason
   */
  public PathFragment readSymbolicLinkUnchecked() throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.readSymbolicLinkUnchecked(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Create a hard link for the current path.
   *
   * @param link the path of the new link
   * @throws IOException if there was an error executing {@link FileSystem#createHardLink}
   */
  public void createHardLink(Path link) throws IOException {
    fileSystem.createHardLink(link.asFragment(), asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Returns the canonical path for this path, by repeatedly replacing symbolic links with their
   * referents. Analogous to realpath(3).
   *
   * @return the canonical path for this path
   * @throws IOException if any symbolic link could not be resolved, or other error occurred (for
   *     example, the path does not exist)
   */
  public Path resolveSymbolicLinks() throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.resolveSymbolicLinks(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Renames the file denoted by the current path to the location "target", not following symbolic
   * links.
   *
   * <p>Files cannot be atomically renamed across devices; copying is required. Use {@link
   * FileSystemUtils#copyFile} followed by {@link Path#delete}.
   *
   * @throws IOException if the rename failed for any reason
   */
  public void renameTo(Path target) throws IOException {
    checkSameFileSystem(target);
    fileSystem.renameTo(asFragment(), target.asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Returns the size in bytes of the file denoted by the current path, following symbolic links.
   *
   * <p>The size of a directory or special file is undefined and should not be used.
   *
   * @throws FileNotFoundException if the file denoted by the current path does not exist
   * @throws IOException if the file's metadata could not be read, or some other error occurred
   */
  public long getFileSize() throws IOException, FileNotFoundException {
    return fileSystem.getFileSize(asFragment(), true);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the size in bytes of the file denoted by the current path.
   *
   * <p>The size of directory or special file is undefined. The size of a symbolic link is the
   * length of the name of its referent.
   *
   * @param followSymlinks if {@link Symlinks#FOLLOW}, and this path denotes a symbolic link, the
   *     link is deferenced until a file other than a symbol link is found
   * @throws FileNotFoundException if the file denoted by the current path does not exist
   * @throws IOException if the file's metadata could not be read, or some other error occurred
   */
  public long getFileSize(Symlinks followSymlinks) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException {
    return fileSystem.getFileSize(asFragment(), followSymlinks.toBoolean());
  }

  /**
   * Deletes the file denoted by this path, not following symbolic links. Returns normally iff the
   * file doesn't exist after the call: true if this call deleted the file, false if the file
   * already didn't exist. Throws an exception if the file could not be deleted but was present
   * prior to this call.
   *
   * @return true iff the file was actually deleted by this call
   * @throws IOException if the deletion failed but the file was present prior to the call
   */
  public boolean delete() throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.delete(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Deletes all directory trees recursively beneath this path and removes the path as well.
   *
   * @throws IOException if the hierarchy cannot be removed successfully
   */
  public void deleteTree() throws IOException {
    fileSystem.deleteTree(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Deletes all directory trees recursively beneath this path. Does nothing if the path is not a
   * directory.
   *
   * @throws IOException if the hierarchy cannot be removed successfully
   */
  public void deleteTreesBelow() throws IOException {
    fileSystem.deleteTreesBelow(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Returns the last modification time of the file, in milliseconds since the UNIX epoch, of the
   * file denoted by the current path, following symbolic links.
   *
   * <p>Caveat: many filesystems store file times in seconds, so do not rely on the millisecond
   * precision.
   *
   * @throws IOException if the operation failed for any reason
   */
  public long getLastModifiedTime() throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.getLastModifiedTime(asFragment(), true);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the last modification time of the file, in milliseconds since the UNIX epoch, of the
   * file denoted by the current path.
   *
   * <p>Caveat: many filesystems store file times in seconds, so do not rely on the millisecond
   * precision.
   *
   * @param followSymlinks if {@link Symlinks#FOLLOW}, and this path denotes a symbolic link, the
   *     link is dereferenced until a file other than a symbolic link is found
   * @throws IOException if the modification time for the file could not be obtained for any reason
   */
  public long getLastModifiedTime(Symlinks followSymlinks) throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.getLastModifiedTime(asFragment(), followSymlinks.toBoolean());
  }

  /**
   * Sets the modification time of the file denoted by the current path. Follows symbolic links. If
   * newTime is -1, the current time according to the kernel is used; this may differ from the JVM's
   * clock.
   *
   * <p>Caveat: many filesystems store file times in seconds, so do not rely on the millisecond
   * precision.
   *
   * @param newTime time, in milliseconds since the UNIX epoch, or -1L, meaning use the kernel's
   *     current time
   * @throws IOException if the modification time for the file could not be set for any reason
   */
  public void setLastModifiedTime(long newTime) throws IOException {
    fileSystem.setLastModifiedTime(asFragment(), newTime);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the value of the given extended attribute name or null if the attribute does not exist
   * or the file system does not support extended attributes. Follows symlinks.
   */
  public byte[] getxattr(String name) throws IOException {
    return getxattr(name, Symlinks.FOLLOW);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the value of the given extended attribute name or null if the attribute does not exist
   * or the file system does not support extended attributes.
   *
   * @param followSymlinks whether to follow symlinks or not
   */
  public byte[] getxattr(String name, Symlinks followSymlinks) throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.getxattr(asFragment(), name, followSymlinks.toBoolean());
  }

  /**
   * Gets a fast digest for the given path, or {@code null} if there isn't one available. The digest
   * should be suitable for detecting changes to the file.
   */
  public byte[] getFastDigest() throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.getFastDigest(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Returns the digest of the file denoted by the current path, following symbolic links. Is not
   * guaranteed to call {@link #getFastDigest} internally, even if a fast digest is likely
   * available. Callers should prefer {@link DigestUtils#getDigestWithManualFallback} to this method
   * unless they know that a fast digest is unavailable and do not need the other features
   * (disk-read rate-limiting, global cache) that {@link DigestUtils} provides.
   *
   * @return a new byte array containing the file's digest
   * @throws IOException if the digest could not be computed for any reason
   */
  public byte[] getDigest() throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.getDigest(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Return a string representation, as hexadecimal digits, of some hash of the directory.
   *
   * <p>The hash itself is computed according to the design document
   * https://github.com/bazelbuild/proposals/blob/master/designs/2018-07-13-repository-hashing.md
   * and takes enough information into account, to detect the typical non-reproducibility
   * of source-like repository rules, while leaving out what will change from invocation to
   * invocation of a repository rule (in particular file owners) and can reasonably be ignored
   * when considering if a repository is "the same source tree".
   *
   * @return a string representation of the bash of the directory
   * @throws IOException if the digest could not be computed for any reason
   */
  public String getDirectoryDigest() throws IOException {
    ImmutableList<String> entries =
        ImmutableList.sortedCopyOf(fileSystem.getDirectoryEntries(asFragment()));
    Hasher hasher = fileSystem.getDigestFunction().getHashFunction().newHasher();
    for (String entry : entries) {
      Path path = this.getChild(entry);
      FileStatus stat = path.stat(Symlinks.NOFOLLOW);
      hasher.putUnencodedChars(entry);
      if (stat.isFile()) {
        if (path.isExecutable()) {
          hasher.putChar('x');
        } else {
          hasher.putChar('-');
        }
        hasher.putBytes(DigestUtils.getDigestWithManualFallback(path, stat.getSize()));
      } else if (stat.isDirectory()) {
        hasher.putChar('d').putUnencodedChars(path.getDirectoryDigest());
      } else if (stat.isSymbolicLink()) {
        PathFragment link = path.readSymbolicLink();
        if (link.isAbsolute()) {
          try {
            Path resolved = path.resolveSymbolicLinks();
            if (resolved.isFile()) {
              if (resolved.isExecutable()) {
                hasher.putChar('x');
              } else {
                hasher.putChar('-');
              }
              hasher.putBytes(DigestUtils.getDigestWithManualFallbackWhenSizeUnknown(resolved));
            } else {
              // link to a non-file: include the link itself in the hash
              hasher.putChar('l').putUnencodedChars(link.toString());
            }
          } catch (IOException e) {
            // dangling link: include the link itself in the hash
            hasher.putChar('l').putUnencodedChars(link.toString());
          }
        } else {
          // relative link: include the link itself in the hash
          hasher.putChar('l').putUnencodedChars(link.toString());
        }
      } else {
        // Neither file, nor directory, nor symlink. So do not include further information
        // in the hash, asuming it will not be used during the BUILD anyway.
        hasher.putChar('s');
      }
    }
    return hasher.hash().toString();
  }

  /**
   * Opens the file denoted by this path, following symbolic links, for reading, and returns an
   * input stream to it.
   *
   * @throws IOException if the file was not found or could not be opened for reading
   */
  public InputStream getInputStream() throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.getInputStream(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Opens the file denoted by this path, following symbolic links, for reading, and returns a file
   * channel for it.
   *
   * @throws IOException if the file was not found or could not be opened for reading
   */
  public ReadableByteChannel createReadableByteChannel() throws IOException {
    return fileSystem.createReadableByteChannel(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Returns a java.io.File representation of this path.
   *
   * <p>Caveat: the result may be useless if this path's getFileSystem() is not
   * the UNIX filesystem.
   */
  public File getPathFile() {
    return new File(getPathString());
  }

  /**
   * Returns true if the file denoted by the current path, following symbolic links, is writable for
   * the current user.
   *
   * @throws FileNotFoundException if the file does not exist, a dangling symbolic link was
   *     encountered, or the file's metadata could not be read
   */
  public boolean isWritable() throws IOException, FileNotFoundException {
    return fileSystem.isWritable(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Sets the read permissions of the file denoted by the current path, following symbolic links.
   * Permissions apply to the current user.
   *
   * @param readable if true, the file is set to readable; otherwise the file is made non-readable
   * @throws FileNotFoundException if the file does not exist
   * @throws IOException If the action cannot be taken (ie. permissions)
   */
  public void setReadable(boolean readable) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException {
    fileSystem.setReadable(asFragment(), readable);
  }

  /**
   * Sets the write permissions of the file denoted by the current path, following symbolic links.
   * Permissions apply to the current user.
   *
   * <p>TODO(bazel-team): (2009) what about owner/group/others?
   *
   * @param writable if true, the file is set to writable; otherwise the file is made non-writable
   * @throws FileNotFoundException if the file does not exist
   * @throws IOException If the action cannot be taken (ie. permissions)
   */
  public void setWritable(boolean writable) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException {
    fileSystem.setWritable(asFragment(), writable);
  }

  /**
   * Returns true iff the file specified by the current path, following symbolic links, is
   * executable by the current user.
   *
   * @throws FileNotFoundException if the file does not exist or a dangling symbolic link was
   *     encountered
   * @throws IOException if some other I/O error occurred
   */
  public boolean isExecutable() throws IOException, FileNotFoundException {
    return fileSystem.isExecutable(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Returns true iff the file specified by the current path, following symbolic links, is readable
   * by the current user.
   *
   * @throws FileNotFoundException if the file does not exist or a dangling symbolic link was
   *     encountered
   * @throws IOException if some other I/O error occurred
   */
  public boolean isReadable() throws IOException, FileNotFoundException {
    return fileSystem.isReadable(asFragment());
  }

  /**
   * Sets the execute permission on the file specified by the current path, following symbolic
   * links. Permissions apply to the current user.
   *
   * @throws FileNotFoundException if the file does not exist or a dangling symbolic link was
   *     encountered
   * @throws IOException if the metadata change failed, for example because of permissions
   */
  public void setExecutable(boolean executable) throws IOException, FileNotFoundException {
    fileSystem.setExecutable(asFragment(), executable);
  }

  /**
   * Sets the permissions on the file specified by the current path, following symbolic links. If
   * permission changes on this path's {@link FileSystem} are slow (e.g. one syscall per change),
   * this method should aim to be faster than setting each permission individually. If this path's
   * {@link FileSystem} does not support group and others permissions, those bits will be ignored.
   *
   * @throws FileNotFoundException if the file does not exist or a dangling symbolic link was
   *     encountered
   * @throws IOException if the metadata change failed, for example because of permissions
   */
  public void chmod(int mode) throws IOException {
    fileSystem.chmod(asFragment(), mode);
  }

  public void prefetchPackageAsync(int maxDirs) {
    fileSystem.prefetchPackageAsync(asFragment(), maxDirs);
  }

  private void checkSameFileSystem(Path that) {
    if (this.fileSystem != that.fileSystem) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
          "Files are on different filesystems: " + this + ", " + that);
    }
  }

  private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException {
    checkState(
        fileSystem == fileSystemForSerialization, "%s %s", fileSystem, fileSystemForSerialization);
    out.writeUTF(pathFragment.getPathString());
  }

  private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException {
    pathFragment = PathFragment.createAlreadyNormalized(in.readUTF());
    fileSystem = fileSystemForSerialization;
  }
}