site/docs/user-manual.html

---
layout: documentation
title: User manual
---
<h1>Commands and Options</h1>

This page covers the options that are available with various Bazel commands,
such as <code>bazel build</code>, <code>bazel run</code>, and
<code>bazel test</code>. This page is a companion to the
<a href="https://docs.bazel.build/versions/main/guide.html">Bazel user guide</a>,
which lists Bazel's commands.
<h2 id='target-patterns'>Target syntax</h2>

Some commands, like <code>build</code> or <code>test</code>, can operate
on a list of targets. They use a syntax more flexible than labels, which is
documented in the "<a href="guide.html#specifying-targets-to-build">Specifying
targets to build</a>" section of the User's Guide.

<h2>Options</h2>

<p>
  The following sections describe the options available during a
  build. When <code class='flag'>--long</code> is used on a help command, the on-line
  help messages provide summary information about the meaning, type and
  default value for each option.
</p>

<p>
  Most options can only be specified once. When specified multiple times, the
  last instance wins. Options that can be specified multiple times are
  identified in the on-line help with the text 'may be used multiple times'.
</p>

<h3>Package location</h3>

<h4 id='flag--package_path'><code class='flag'>--package_path</code></h4>
<p>
  This option specifies the set of directories that are searched to
  find the BUILD file for a given package.
</p>

<p>
  Bazel finds its packages by searching the package path. This is a colon
  separated ordered list of bazel directories, each being the root of a
  partial source tree.
</p>

<p>
  <i>To specify a custom package path</i> using the
  <code class='flag'>--package_path</code> option:
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel build --package_path %workspace%:/some/other/root
</pre>
<p>
Package path elements may be specified in three formats:
</p>
<ol>
  <li>
    If the first character is <code>/</code>, the path is absolute.
  </li>
  <li>
    If the path starts with <code>%workspace%</code>, the path is taken relative
    to the nearest enclosing bazel directory.<br>
    For instance, if your working directory
    is <code>/home/bob/clients/bob_client/bazel/foo</code>, then the
    string <code>%workspace%</code> in the package-path is expanded
    to <code>/home/bob/clients/bob_client/bazel</code>.
  </li>
  <li>
    Anything else is taken relative to the working directory.<br>  This is usually not what you mean to do,
    and may behave unexpectedly if you use Bazel from directories below the bazel workspace.
    For instance, if you use the package-path element <code>.</code>,
    and then cd into the directory
    <code>/home/bob/clients/bob_client/bazel/foo</code>, packages
    will be resolved from the
    <code>/home/bob/clients/bob_client/bazel/foo</code> directory.
  </li>
</ol>
<p>
  If you use a non-default package path, specify it in your
  <a href='guide.html#bazelrc'>Bazel configuration file</a> for
  convenience.
</p>
<p>
  <i>Bazel doesn't require any packages to be in the
  current directory</i>, so you can do a build from an empty bazel
  workspace if all the necessary packages can be found somewhere else
  on the package path.
</p>
<p>
  <i>Example</i>: Building from an empty client
</p>
<pre>
  % mkdir -p foo/bazel
  % cd foo/bazel
  % touch WORKSPACE
  % bazel build --package_path /some/other/path //foo
</pre>
<h3 id='checking-options'>Error checking</h3>
<p>
  These options control Bazel's error-checking and/or warnings.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--check_visibility'><code class='flag'>--[no]check_visibility</code></h4>
<p>
  If this option is set to false, visibility checks are demoted to warnings.
  The default value of this option is true, so that by default, visibility
  checking is done.

</p>
<h4 id='flag--output_filter'><code class='flag'>--output_filter=<var>regex</var></code></h4>
<p>
  The <code class='flag'>--output_filter</code> option will only show build and compilation
  warnings for targets that match the regular expression. If a target does not
  match the given regular expression and its execution succeeds, its standard
  output and standard error are thrown away.
</p>
<p>
  Here are some typical values for this option:
</p>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td><code class='flag'>--output_filter='^//(first/project|second/project):'</code></td>
    <td>Show the output for the specified packages.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code class='flag'>--output_filter='^//((?!(first/bad_project|second/bad_project):).)*$'</code></td>
    <td>Don't show output for the specified packages.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code class='flag'>--output_filter=</code></td>
    <td>Show everything.
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code class='flag'>--output_filter=DONT_MATCH_ANYTHING</code></td>
    <td>Show nothing.
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>

<h3 id='flags-options'>Tool flags</h3>
<p>
  These options control which options Bazel will pass to other tools.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--copt'><code class='flag'>--copt=<var>cc-option</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option takes an argument which is to be passed to the compiler.
  The argument will be passed to the compiler whenever it is invoked
  for preprocessing, compiling, and/or assembling C, C++, or
  assembler code. It will not be passed when linking.
</p>
<p>
  This option can be used multiple times.
  For example:
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel build --copt="-g0" --copt="-fpic" //foo
</pre>
<p>
  will compile the <code>foo</code> library without debug tables, generating
  position-independent code.
</p>
<p>
  Note that changing <code class='flag'>--copt</code> settings will force a recompilation
  of all affected object files. Also note that copts values listed in specific
  cc_library or cc_binary build rules will be placed on the compiler command line
  <em>after</em> these options.
</p>
<p>
  Warning: C++-specific options (such as <code>-fno-implicit-templates</code>)
  should be specified in <code class='flag'>--cxxopt</code>, not in
  <code class='flag'>--copt</code>. Likewise, C-specific options (such as -Wstrict-prototypes)
  should be specified in <code class='flag'>--conlyopt</code>, not in <code>copt</code>.
  Similarly, compiler options that only have an
  effect at link time (such as <code>-l</code>) should be specified in
  <code class='flag'>--linkopt</code>, not in <code class='flag'>--copt</code>.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--host_copt'><code class='flag'>--host_copt=<var>cc-option</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option takes an argument which is to be passed to the compiler for source files
  that are compiled in the host configuration. This is analogous to
  the <a href='#flag--copt'><code class='flag'>--copt</code></a> option, but applies only to the
  host configuration.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--host_conlyopt'><code class='flag'>--host_conlyopt=<var>cc-option</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option takes an argument which is to be passed to the compiler for C source files
  that are compiled in the host configuration. This is analogous to
  the <a href='#flag--conlyopt'><code class='flag'>--conlyopt</code></a> option, but applies only
  to the host configuration.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--host_cxxopt'><code class='flag'>--host_cxxopt=<var>cc-option</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option takes an argument which is to be passed to the compiler for C++ source files
  that are compiled in the host configuration. This is analogous to
  the <a href='#flag--cxxopt'><code class='flag'>--cxxopt</code></a> option, but applies only to the
  host configuration.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--host_linkopt'><code class='flag'>--host_linkopt=<var>linker-option</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option takes an argument which is to be passed to the linker for source files
  that are compiled in the host configuration. This is analogous to
  the <a href='#flag--linkopt'><code class='flag'>--linkopt</code></a> option, but applies only to
  the host configuration.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--conlyopt'><code class='flag'>--conlyopt=<var>cc-option</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option takes an argument which is to be passed to the compiler when compiling C source files.
</p>
<p>
  This is similar to <code class='flag'>--copt</code>, but only applies to C compilation,
  not to C++ compilation or linking. So you can pass C-specific options
  (such as <code>-Wno-pointer-sign</code>) using <code class='flag'>--conlyopt</code>.
</p>
<p>
  Note that copts parameters listed in specific cc_library or cc_binary build rules
  will be placed on the compiler command line <em>after</em> these options.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--cxxopt'><code class='flag'>--cxxopt=<var>cc-option</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option takes an argument which is to be passed to the compiler when compiling C++ source
  files.
</p>
<p>
  This is similar to <code class='flag'>--copt</code>, but only applies to C++ compilation,
  not to C compilation or linking. So you can pass C++-specific options
  (such as <code>-fpermissive</code> or <code>-fno-implicit-templates</code>) using <code class='flag'>--cxxopt</code>.
  For example:
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel build --cxxopt="-fpermissive" --cxxopt="-Wno-error" //foo/cruddy_code
</pre>
<p>
  Note that copts parameters listed in specific cc_library or cc_binary build rules
  will be placed on the compiler command line <em>after</em> these options.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--linkopt'><code class='flag'>--linkopt=<var>linker-option</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option takes an argument which is to be passed to the compiler when linking.
</p>
<p>
  This is similar to <code class='flag'>--copt</code>, but only applies to linking,
  not to compilation. So you can pass compiler options that only make sense
  at link time (such as <code>-lssp</code> or <code>-Wl,--wrap,abort</code>)
  using <code class='flag'>--linkopt</code>. For example:
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel build --copt="-fmudflap" --linkopt="-lmudflap" //foo/buggy_code
</pre>
<p>
  Build rules can also specify link options in their attributes. This option's
  settings always take precedence. Also see
  <a href="be/c-cpp.html#cc_library.linkopts">cc_library.linkopts</a>.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--strip'><code class='flag'>--strip (always|never|sometimes)</code></h4>
<p>
  This option determines whether Bazel will strip debugging information from
  all binaries and shared libraries, by invoking the linker with the <code>-Wl,--strip-debug</code> option.
  <code class='flag'>--strip=always</code> means always strip debugging information.
  <code class='flag'>--strip=never</code> means never strip debugging information.
  The default value of <code class='flag'>--strip=sometimes</code> means strip if the <code class='flag'>--compilation_mode</code>
  is <code>fastbuild</code>.
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel build --strip=always //foo:bar
</pre>
<p>
  will compile the target while stripping debugging information from all generated
  binaries.
</p>
<p>
  Note that if you want debugging information, it's not enough to disable stripping; you also need to make
  sure that the debugging information was generated by the compiler, which you can do by using either
  <code>-c dbg</code> or <code class='flag'>--copt -g</code>.
</p>
<p>
  Note also that Bazel's <code class='flag'>--strip</code> option corresponds with ld's <code>--strip-debug</code> option:
  it only strips debugging information. If for some reason you want to strip <em>all</em> symbols,
  not just <em>debug</em> symbols, you would need to use ld's <code>--strip-all</code> option,
  which you can do by passing <code class='flag'>--linkopt=-Wl,--strip-all</code> to Bazel. Also be
  aware that setting Bazel's <code class='flag'>--strip</code> flag will override
  <code class='flag'>--linkopt=-Wl,--strip-all</code>, so you should only set one or the other.

  If you are only building a single binary and want all symbols stripped, you could also
  pass <code class='flag'>--stripopt=--strip-all</code> and explicitly build the
  <code>//foo:bar.stripped</code> version of the target. As described in the section on
  <code class='flag'>--stripopt</code>, this applies a strip action after the final binary is
  linked rather than including stripping in all of the build's link actions.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--stripopt'><code class='flag'>--stripopt=<var>strip-option</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This is an additional option to pass to the <code>strip</code> command when generating
  a <a href="be/c-cpp.html#cc_binary_implicit_outputs"><code>*.stripped</code>
  binary</a>. The default is <code>-S -p</code>. This option can be used
  multiple times.
</p>
<p>
  Note that <code class='flag'>--stripopt</code> does not apply to the stripping of the main
  binary with <code><a href='#flag--strip'>--strip</a>=(always|sometimes)</code>.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--fdo_instrument'><code class='flag'>--fdo_instrument=<var>profile-output-dir</var></code></h4>
<p>
  The <code class='flag'>--fdo_instrument</code> option enables the generation of
  FDO (feedback directed optimization) profile output when the
  built C/C++ binary is executed. For GCC, the argument provided is used as a
  directory prefix for a per-object file directory tree of .gcda files
  containing profile information for each .o file.
</p>
<p>
  Once the profile data tree has been generated, the profile tree
  should be zipped up, and provided to the
  <code class='flag'>--fdo_optimize=<var>profile-zip</var></code>
  Bazel option to enable the FDO-optimized compilation.

</p>
<p>
  For the LLVM compiler the argument is also the directory under which the raw LLVM profile
  data file(s) is dumped, e.g.
  <code class='flag'>--fdo_instrument=<var>/path/to/rawprof/dir/</var></code>.
</p>
<p>
  The options <code class='flag'>--fdo_instrument</code> and <code class='flag'>--fdo_optimize</code>
  cannot be used at the same time.
</p>


<h4 id='flag--fdo_optimize'><code class='flag'>--fdo_optimize=<var>profile-zip</var></code></h4>
<p>
  The <code class='flag'>--fdo_optimize</code> option enables the use of the
  per-object file profile information to perform FDO (feedback
  directed optimization) optimizations when compiling. For GCC, the argument
  provided is the zip file containing the previously-generated file tree
  of .gcda files containing profile information for each .o file.
</p>
<p>
  Alternatively, the argument provided can point to an auto profile
  identified by the extension .afdo.

</p>
<p>
  Note that this option also accepts labels that resolve to source files. You
  may need to add an <code>exports_files</code> directive to the corresponding package to
  make the file visible to Bazel.
</p>
<p>
  For the LLVM compiler the argument provided should point to the indexed LLVM
  profile output file prepared by the llvm-profdata tool, and should have a .profdata
  extension.
</p>
<p>
  The options <code class='flag'>--fdo_instrument</code> and <code class='flag'>
  --fdo_optimize</code> cannot be used at the same time.
</p>


<h4 id='flag--output_symbol_counts'><code class='flag'>--[no]output_symbol_counts</code></h4>
<p>
  If enabled, each gold-invoked link of a C++ executable binary will output
  a <i>symbol counts</i> file (via the <code>--print-symbol-counts</code> gold
  option). For each linker input, the file logs the number of symbols that were
  defined and the number of symbols that were used in the binary.
  This information can be used to track unnecessary link dependencies.
  The symbol counts file is written to the binary's output path with the name
  <code>[targetname].sc</code>.
</p>
<p>
  This option is disabled by default.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--java_language_version'><code class='flag'>--java_language_version=<var>version</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option specifies the version of Java sources. For example:
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel build --java_language_version=8 java/com/example/common/foo:all
</pre>
<p>
  compiles and allows only constructs compatible with Java 8 specification.
   Default value is 11. -->
  Possible values are: 8,  9, 10, --> 11 <!--begin-block:external , 14, and 15  and may be extended by registering custom Java
  toolchains using <code>default_java_toolchain</code> macro-->.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--tool_java_language_version'><code class='flag'>--tool_java_language_version=<var>version</var></code>
</h4>
<p>
  The Java language version used to build tools that are executed during a build.
  Default value is 11.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--java_runtime_version'><code class='flag'>--java_runtime_version=<var>version</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option specifies the version of JVM to use to execute the code and run the tests. For
  example:
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel run --java_runtime_version=remotejdk_11 java/com/example/common/foo:java_application
</pre>
<p>
  downloads JDK 11 from a remote repository and run the Java application using it.
</p>
<p>
  Default value is <code>localjdk</code>.
  Possible values are: <code>localjdk</code>, <code>localjdk_<var>version</var></code>,
  <code>remotejdk_11</code>,
  <code>remotejdk_14</code>, and <code>remote_jdk15</code>.
  You can extend the values by registering custom JVM using either
  <code>local_java_repository</code> or
  <code>remote_java_repostory</code> repository rules.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--tool_java_runtime_version'><code class='flag'>--tool_java_runtime_version=<var>version</var></code></h4>
<p>
  The version of JVM used to execute tools that are needed during a build.
  Default value is <code>remotejdk_11</code>.
</p>
-->

<h4 id='flag--jvmopt'><code class='flag'>--jvmopt=<var>jvm-option</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option allows option arguments to be passed to the Java VM. It can be used
  with one big argument, or multiple times with individual arguments. For example:
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel build --jvmopt="-server -Xms256m" java/com/example/common/foo:all
</pre>
<p>
  will use the server VM for launching all Java binaries and set the
  startup heap size for the VM to 256 MB.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--javacopt'><code class='flag'>--javacopt=<var>javac-option</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option allows option arguments to be passed to javac. It can be used
  with one big argument, or multiple times with individual arguments. For example:
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel build --javacopt="-g:source,lines" //myprojects:prog
</pre>
<p>
  will rebuild a java_binary with the javac default debug info
  (instead of the bazel default).
</p>
<p>
  The option is passed to javac after the Bazel built-in default options for
  javac and before the per-rule options. The last specification of
  any option to javac wins. The default options for javac are:
</p>

<pre>
  -source 8 -target 8 -encoding UTF-8
</pre>
<p>
  Note that changing <code class='flag'>--javacopt</code> settings will force a recompilation
  of all affected classes. Also note that javacopts parameters listed in
  specific java_library or java_binary build rules will be placed on the javac
  command line <em>after</em> these options.
</p>

<h5 id='-extra_checks'><code>-extra_checks[:(off|on)]</code></h5>

<p>
  This javac option enables extra correctness checks. Any problems found will
  be presented as errors.
  Either <code>-extra_checks</code> or <code>-extra_checks:on</code> may be used
  to force the checks to be turned on. <code>-extra_checks:off</code> completely
  disables the analysis.
  When this option is not specified, the default behavior is used.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--strict_java_deps'><code class='flag'>--strict_java_deps
    (default|strict|off|warn|error)</code></h4>
<p>
  This option controls whether javac checks for missing direct dependencies.
  Java targets must explicitly declare all directly used targets as
  dependencies. This flag instructs javac to determine the jars actually used
  for type checking each java file, and warn/error if they are not the output
  of a direct dependency of the current target.
</p>

<ul>
  <li> <code>off</code> means checking is disabled.
  </li>
  <li> <code>warn</code> means javac will generate standard java warnings of
    type <code>[strict]</code> for each missing direct dependency.
  </li>
  <li> <code>default</code>, <code>strict</code> and <code>error</code> all
    mean javac will generate errors instead of warnings, causing the current
    target to fail to build if any missing direct dependencies are found.
    This is also the default behavior when the flag is unspecified.
  </li>
</ul>

<h3 id='semantics-options'>Build semantics</h3>
<p>
  These options affect the build commands and/or the output file contents.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--compilation_mode'><code class='flag'>--compilation_mode (fastbuild|opt|dbg)</code> (-c)</h4>
<p>
  The <code class="flag">--compilation_mode</code> option (often shortened to <code>-c</code>,
  especially <code>-c opt</code>) takes an argument of <code>fastbuild</code>, <code>dbg</code>
  or <code>opt</code>, and affects various C/C++ code-generation
  options, such as the level of optimization and the completeness of
  debug tables. Bazel uses a different output directory for each
  different compilation mode, so you can switch between modes without
  needing to do a full rebuild <i>every</i> time.
</p>
<ul>
  <li> <code>fastbuild</code> means build as fast as possible:
    generate minimal debugging information (<code>-gmlt
    -Wl,-S</code>), and don't optimize. This is the
    default. Note: <code>-DNDEBUG</code> will <b>not</b> be set.
  </li>
  <li> <code>dbg</code> means build with debugging enabled (<code>-g</code>),
    so that you can use gdb (or another debugger).
  </li>
  <li> <code>opt</code> means build with optimization enabled and
    with <code>assert()</code> calls disabled (<code>-O2 -DNDEBUG</code>).
    Debugging information will not be generated in <code>opt</code> mode
    unless you also pass <code class='flag'>--copt -g</code>.
  </li>
</ul>

<h4 id='flag--cpu'><code class='flag'>--cpu=<var>cpu</var></code></h4>
<p>
This option specifies the target CPU architecture to be used for
the compilation of binaries during the build.
</p>
<p>

</p>
<p>
  Note that a particular combination of crosstool version, compiler version,
  and target CPU is allowed only if it has been specified in the currently
  used CROSSTOOL file.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--action_env'>
  <code class='flag'>--action_env=<var>VAR=VALUE</var></code>
</h4>
<p>
  Specifies the set of environment variables available during the execution of all actions.
  Variables can be either specified by name, in which case the value will be taken from the
  invocation environment, or by the `name=value` pair which sets the value independent of the
  invocation environment.

  This `--action_env` flag can be specified multiple times. If a value is assigned to the same
  variable across multiple `--action_env` flags, the latest assignment wins.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--experimental_action_listener'>
  <code class='flag'>--experimental_action_listener=<var>label</var></code>
</h4>
<p>
  <b>WARNING:</b> Extra actions are deprecated. Use
  <a href="https://docs.bazel.build/versions/main/skylark/aspects.html">aspects</a>
  instead.
</p>
<p>
  The <code>experimental_action_listener</code> option instructs Bazel to use
  details from the <a href="be/extra-actions.html#action_listener"
  ><code>action_listener</code></a> rule specified by <var>label</var> to
  insert <a href="be/extra-actions.html#extra_action"
  ><code>extra_actions</code></a> into the build graph.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--experimental_extra_action_top_level_only'>
  <code class='flag'>--[no]experimental_extra_action_top_level_only</code>
</h4>
<p>
  <b>WARNING:</b> Extra actions are deprecated. Use
  <a href="https://docs.bazel.build/versions/main/skylark/aspects.html">aspects</a>
  instead.
</p>
<p>
  If this option is set to true, extra actions specified by the
  <a href='#flag--experimental_action_listener'> <code>
  --experimental_action_listener</code></a> command line option will only be
  scheduled for top level targets.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--experimental_extra_action_filter'>
  <code class='flag'>--experimental_extra_action_filter=<var>regex</var></code>
</h4>
<p>
  <b>WARNING:</b> Extra actions are deprecated. Use
  <a href="https://docs.bazel.build/versions/main/skylark/aspects.html">aspects</a>
  instead.
</p>
<p>
  The <code>experimental_extra_action_filter</code> option instructs Bazel to
  filter the set of targets to schedule <code>extra_actions</code> for.
</p>
<p>
  This flag is only applicable in combination with the
  <a href='#flag--experimental_action_listener'
  ><code>--experimental_action_listener</code></a> flag.
</p>
<p>
  By default all <code>extra_actions</code> in the transitive closure of the
  requested targets-to-build get scheduled for execution.
  <code>--experimental_extra_action_filter</code> will restrict scheduling to
  <code>extra_actions</code> of which the owner's label matches the specified
  regular expression.
</p>
<p>
  The following example will limit scheduling of <code>extra_actions</code>
  to only apply to actions of which the owner's label contains '/bar/':
</p>
<pre>% bazel build --experimental_action_listener=//test:al //foo/... \
  --experimental_extra_action_filter=.*/bar/.*
</pre>

<h4 id='flag--host_cpu'><code class='flag'>--host_cpu=<var>cpu</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option specifies the name of the CPU architecture that should be
  used to build host tools.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--fat_apk_cpu'><code class='flag'>--fat_apk_cpu=<var>cpu[,cpu]*</var></code></h4>
<p>
  The CPUs to build C/C++ libraries for in the transitive <code>deps</code> of
  <code>android_binary</code>

  rules. Other C/C++ rules are not affected. For example, if a <code>cc_library</code>
  appears in the transitive <code>deps</code> of an <code>android_binary</code> rule and a
  <code>cc_binary</code> rule, the <code>cc_library</code> will be built at least twice:
  once for each CPU specified with <code class='flag'>--fat_apk_cpu</code> for the
  <code>android_binary</code> rule, and once for the CPU specified with
  <code class='flag'>--cpu</code> for the <code>cc_binary</code> rule.
</p>

<p>
  The default is <code>armeabi-v7a</code>.
</p>
<p>
  One <code>.so</code> file is created and packaged in the APK for
  each CPU specified with <code class='flag'>--fat_apk_cpu</code>. The <code>.so</code> file's name
  prefixes the name of the <code>android_binary</code> rule with "lib". For example, if the name of
  the <code>android_binary</code> is "foo", then the file is <code>libfoo.so</code>.
</p>
  <p>
    One <code>.so</code> file will be created and packaged in the APK for
    each CPU specified with <code class='flag'>--fat_apk_cpu</code>. The name of the <code>.so</code>
    file will be the name of the <code>android_binary</code> rule prefixed with "lib", e.g., if the name
    of the <code>android_binary</code> is "foo", then the file will be <code>libfoo.so</code>.
  </p>

  <p>
    Note that an Android-compatible crosstool must be selected.
    If an <code>android_ndk_repository</code> rule is defined in the
    WORKSPACE file, an Android-compatible crosstool is automatically selected.
    Otherwise, the crostool can be selected using the
    <a href='#flag--android_crosstool_top'><code class='flag'>--android_crosstool_top</code></a>
    or <a href='#flag--crosstool_top'><code class='flag'>--crosstool_top</code></a> flags.
  </p>


<h4 id='flag--per_file_copt'><code class='flag'>--per_file_copt
    <var>[+-]regex[,[+-]regex]...@option[,option]...</var></code></h4>
</p>

<h4 id='flag--per_file_copt'><code class='flag'>--per_file_copt=
    <var>[+-]regex[,[+-]regex]...@option[,option]...</var></code></h4>
<p>
  When present, any C++ file with a label or an execution path matching one of the inclusion regex
  expressions and not matching any of the exclusion expressions will be built
  with the given options. The label matching uses the canonical form of the label
  (i.e //<code>package</code>:<code>label_name</code>).

  The execution path is the relative path to your workspace directory including the base name
  (including extension) of the C++ file. It also includes any platform dependent prefixes.
  Note, that if only one of the label or the execution path matches the options will be used.
</p>
<p>
  <b>Notes</b>:
  To match the generated files (e.g. genrule outputs)
  Bazel can only use the execution path. In this case the regexp shouldn't start with '//'
  since that doesn't match any execution paths. Package names can be used like this:
  <code class='flag'>--per_file_copt=base/.*\.pb\.cc@-g0</code>. This will match every
  <code>.pb.cc</code> file under a directory called <code>base</code>.
</p>
<p>
  This option can be used multiple times.
</p>
<p>
  The option is applied regardless of the compilation mode used. I.e. it is possible
  to compile with <code class='flag'>--compilation_mode=opt</code> and selectively compile some
  files with stronger optimization turned on, or with optimization disabled.
</p>
<p>
  <b>Caveat</b>: If some files are selectively compiled with debug symbols the symbols
  might be stripped during linking. This can be prevented by setting
  <code class='flag'>--strip=never</code>.
</p>
<p>
  <b>Syntax</b>: <code>[+-]regex[,[+-]regex]...@option[,option]...</code> Where
  <code>regex</code> stands for a regular expression that can be prefixed with
  a <code>+</code> to identify include patterns and with <code>-</code> to identify
  exclude patterns. <code>option</code> stands for an arbitrary option that is passed
  to the C++ compiler. If an option contains a <code>,</code> it has to be quoted like so
  <code>\,</code>. Options can also contain <code>@</code>, since only the first
  <code>@</code> is used to separate regular expressions from options.
</p>
<p>
  <b>Example</b>:
  <code class='flag'>--per_file_copt=//foo:.*\.cc,-//foo:file\.cc@-O0,-fprofile-arcs</code>
  adds the <code>-O0</code> and the <code>-fprofile-arcs</code> options to the command
  line of the C++ compiler for all <code>.cc</code> files in <code>//foo/</code> except
  <code>file.cc</code>.
</p>
<h4 id='flag--dynamic_mode'><code class='flag'>--dynamic_mode=<var>mode</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Determines whether C++ binaries will be linked dynamically, interacting with
  the <a href='be/c-cpp.html#cc_binary.linkstatic'>linkstatic
  attribute</a> on build rules.
</p>

<p>
  Modes:
</p>
<ul>
  <li><code>auto</code>: Translates to a platform-dependent mode;
      <code>default</code> for linux and <code>off</code> for cygwin.</li>
  <li><code>default</code>: Allows bazel to choose whether to link dynamically.
      See <a href='be/c-cpp.html#cc_binary.linkstatic'>linkstatic</a> for more
      information.</li>
  <li><code>fully</code>: Links all targets dynamically. This will speed up
      linking time, and reduce the size of the resulting binaries.

  </li>
  <li><code>off</code>: Links all targets in
      <a href='be/c-cpp.html#cc_binary.linkstatic'>mostly static</a> mode.
      If <code>-static</code> is set in linkopts, targets will change to fully
      static.</li>
</ul>

<h4 id='flag--fission'><code class='flag'>--fission (yes|no|[dbg][,opt][,fastbuild])</code></h4>
<p>
  Enables

  <a href='https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/DebugFission'>Fission</a>,
  which writes C++ debug information to dedicated .dwo files instead of .o files, where it would
  otherwise go. This substantially reduces the input size to links and can reduce link times.

</p>
<p>
  When set to <code class='flag'>[dbg][,opt][,fastbuild]</code> (example:
  <code class='flag'>--fission=dbg,fastbuild</code>), Fission is enabled
  only for the specified set of compilation modes. This is useful for bazelrc
  settings. When set to <code class='flag'>yes</code>, Fission is enabled
  universally. When set to <code class='flag'>no</code>, Fission is disabled
  universally. Default is <code class='flag'>dbg</code>.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--force_ignore_dash_static'><code class='flag'>--force_ignore_dash_static</code></h4>
<p>
  If this flag is set, any <code>-static</code> options in linkopts of
  <code>cc_*</code> rules BUILD files are ignored. This is only intended as a
  workaround for C++ hardening builds.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--force_pic'><code class='flag'>--[no]force_pic</code></h4>
<p>
  If enabled, all C++ compilations produce position-independent code ("-fPIC"),
  links prefer PIC pre-built libraries over non-PIC libraries, and links produce
  position-independent executables ("-pie"). Default is disabled.
</p>
<p>
  Note that dynamically linked binaries (i.e. <code>--dynamic_mode fully</code>)
  generate PIC code regardless of this flag's setting. So this flag is for cases
  where users want PIC code explicitly generated for static links.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--android_resource_shrinking'><code class='flag'>--android_resource_shrinking</code></h4>
<p>
  Selects whether to perform resource shrinking for android_binary rules. Sets the default for the
  <a href='be/android.html#android_binary.shrink_resources'>shrink_resources attribute</a> on
  android_binary rules; see the documentation for that rule for further details. Defaults to off.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--custom_malloc'><code class='flag'>--custom_malloc=<var>malloc-library-target</var></code></h4>
<p>
  When specified, always use the given malloc implementation, overriding all
  <code>malloc="target"</code> attributes, including in those targets that use the
  default (by not specifying any <code>malloc</code>).
</p>

<h4 id='flag--crosstool_top'><code class='flag'>--crosstool_top=<var>label</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option specifies the location of the crosstool compiler suite
  to be used for all C++ compilation during a build. Bazel will look in that
  location for a CROSSTOOL file and uses that to automatically determine
  settings for

  <code class='flag'>--compiler</code>.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--host_crosstool_top'><code class='flag'>--host_crosstool_top=<var>label</var></code></h4>
<p>
  If not specified, bazel uses the value of <code class='flag'>--crosstool_top</code> to compile
  code in the host configuration, i.e., tools run during the build. The main purpose of this flag
  is to enable cross-compilation.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--apple_crosstool_top'><code class='flag'>--apple_crosstool_top=<var>label</var></code></h4>
<p>
  The crosstool to use for compiling C/C++ rules in the transitive <code>deps</code> of
  objc_*, ios__*, and apple_* rules. For those targets, this flag overwrites
  <code class='flag'>--crosstool_top</code>.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--android_crosstool_top'><code class='flag'>--android_crosstool_top=<var>label</var></code></h4>
<p>
  The crosstool to use for compiling C/C++ rules in the transitive <code>deps</code> of
  <code>android_binary</code> rules. This is useful if other targets in the
  build require a different crosstool. The default is to use the crosstool
  generated by the <code>android_ndk_repository</code> rule in the WORKSPACE file.
  See also <a href='#flag--fat_apk_cpu'><code class='flag'>--fat_apk_cpu</code></a>.
</p>
<h4 id='flag--compiler'><code class='flag'>--compiler=<var>version</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option specifies the C/C++ compiler version (e.g. <code>gcc-4.1.0</code>)
  to be used for the compilation of binaries during the build. If you want to
  build with a custom crosstool, you should use a CROSSTOOL file instead of
  specifying this flag.
</p>
<p>
  Note that only certain combinations of crosstool version, compiler version,
  and target CPU are allowed.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--android_sdk'><code class='flag'>--android_sdk=<var>label</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option specifies the Android SDK/platform toolchain
  and Android runtime library that will be used to build any Android-related
  rule.

  The Android SDK will be automatically selected if an <code>android_sdk_repository</code>
  rule is defined in the WORKSPACE file.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--java_toolchain'><code class='flag'>--java_toolchain=<var>label</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option specifies the label of the java_toolchain used to compile Java
  source files.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--host_java_toolchain'><code class='flag'>--host_java_toolchain=<var>label</var></code></h4>
<p>
  If not specified, bazel uses the value of <code class='flag'>--java_toolchain</code> to compile
  code in the host configuration, i.e., tools run during the build. The main purpose of this flag
  is to enable cross-compilation.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--javabase'><code class='flag'>--javabase=(<var>label</var>)</code></h4>
<p>
  This option sets the <i>label</i> of the base Java installation to use for <i>bazel run</i>,
  <i>bazel test</i>, and for Java binaries built by <code>java_binary</code> and
  <code>java_test</code> rules. The <code>JAVABASE</code> and <code>JAVA</code>
  <a href='be/make-variables.html'>"Make" variables</a> are derived from this option.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--host_javabase'><code class='flag'>--host_javabase=<var>label</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option sets the <i>label</i> of the base Java installation to use in the host configuration,
  for example for host build tools including JavaBuilder and Singlejar.
</p>
<p>
  This does not select the Java compiler that is used to compile Java
  source files. The compiler can be selected by settings the
  <a href="#flag--java_toolchain"><code class='flag'>--java_toolchain</code></a>
  option.
</p>

<h3 id='strategy-options'>Execution strategy</h3>
<p>
  These options affect how Bazel will execute the build.
  They should not have any significant effect on the output files
  generated by the build. Typically their main effect is on the
  speed of the build.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--spawn_strategy'><code class='flag'>--spawn_strategy=<var>strategy</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option controls where and how commands are executed.
</p>
<ul>

  <li>
    <code>standalone</code> causes commands to be executed as local subprocesses. This value is
    deprecated. Please use <code>local</code> instead.
  </li>
  <li>
    <code>sandboxed</code> causes commands to be executed inside a sandbox on the local machine.
    This requires that all input files, data dependencies and tools are listed as direct
    dependencies in the <code>srcs</code>, <code>data</code> and <code>tools</code> attributes.

    
    Bazel enables local sandboxing by default, on systems that support sandboxed execution.
  </li>

  <li>
    <code>local</code> causes commands to be executed as local subprocesses.
  </li>

  <li>
    <code>worker</code> causes commands to be executed using a persistent worker, if available.
  </li>

  <li>
    <code>docker</code> causes commands to be executed inside a docker sandbox on the local machine.
    This requires that docker is installed.
  </li>

  <li>
    <code>remote</code> causes commands to be executed remotely; this is only available if a
    remote executor has been configured separately.
  </li>
</ul>

<h4 id='flag--strategy'><code class='flag'>--strategy <var>mnemonic</var>=<var>strategy</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option controls where and how commands are executed, overriding the
  <code class='flag'><a href="#flag--spawn_strategy">--spawn_strategy</a></code> (and
  <code class='flag'><a href="#flag--genrule_strategy">--genrule_strategy</a></code> with mnemonic
  Genrule) on a per-mnemonic basis. See
  <code class='flag'><a href="#flag--spawn_strategy">--spawn_strategy</a></code> for the supported
  strategies and their effects.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--strategy_regexp'><code class='flag'>--strategy_regexp=<var>&lt;filter,filter,...&gt;=&lt;strategy&gt;</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option specifies which strategy should be used to execute commands that have descriptions
  matching a certain <code>regex_filter</code>. See
  <code class='flag'><a href="#flag--per_file_copt">--per_file_copt</a></code> for details on
  regex_filter matching. See
  <code class='flag'><a href="#flag--spawn_strategy">--spawn_strategy</a></code> for the supported
  strategies and their effects.
</p>
<p>
The first <code>regex_filter</code> that matches the description is used. This option overrides
other flags for specifying strategy.
</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    Example: <code>--strategy_regexp=//foo.*\\.cc,-//foo/bar=local</code> means to run actions using
    <code>local</code> strategy if their descriptions match //foo.*.cc but not //foo/bar.
  </li>
  <li>
    Example:
    <code>--strategy_regexp='Compiling.*/bar=local' --strategy_regexp=Compiling=sandboxed</code>
    will run 'Compiling //foo/bar/baz' with the <code>local</code> strategy, but reversing the order
    would run it with <code>sandboxed</code>.
  </li>
</ul>

<h4 id='flag--genrule_strategy'><code class='flag'>--genrule_strategy=<var>strategy</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This is a deprecated short-hand for
  <code class='flag'>--strategy=Genrule=<var>strategy</var></code>.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--jobs'><code class='flag'>--jobs=<var>n</var></code> (-j)</h4>
<p>
  This option, which takes an integer argument, specifies a limit on
  the number of jobs that should be executed concurrently during the
  execution phase of the build.
</p>
<p>
  Note that the number of concurrent jobs that Bazel will run
  is determined not only by the <code class='flag'>--jobs</code> setting, but also
  by Bazel's scheduler, which tries to avoid running concurrent jobs
  that will use up more resources (RAM or CPU) than are available,
  based on some (very crude) estimates of the resource consumption
  of each job. The behavior of the scheduler can be controlled by
  the <code class='flag'>--local_ram_resources</code> option.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--progress_report_interval'><code class='flag'>--progress_report_interval=<var>n</var></code></h4>
<p>

  Bazel periodically prints a progress report on jobs that are not
  finished yet (e.g. long running tests). This option sets the
  reporting frequency, progress will be printed every <code>n</code>
  seconds.
</p>
<p>
  The default is 0, that means an incremental algorithm: the first
  report will be printed after 10 seconds, then 30 seconds and after
  that progress is reported once every minute.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--local_{ram,cpu}_resources'><code class='flag'>--local_{ram,cpu}_resources</code>
  <var>resources or resource expression</var></h4>
<p>
  These options specify the amount of local resources (RAM in MB and number of CPU logical cores)
  that Bazel can take into consideration when scheduling build and test activities. They take
  an integer, or a keyword (HOST_RAM or HOST_CPUS) optionally followed by [-|*<code>float</code>]
  (for example, <code class='flag'>--local_cpu_resources=2</code>,
  <code class='flag'>--local_ram_resources=HOST_RAM*.5</code>,
  <code class='flag'>--local_cpu_resources=HOST_CPUS-1</code>).
  The flags are independent; one or both may be set. By default Bazel will estimate amount of RAM
  and number of CPU cores directly from system configuration.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--build_runfile_links'><code class='flag'>--[no]build_runfile_links</code></h4>
<p>
  This option, which is enabled by default, specifies whether the runfiles
  symlinks for tests and binaries should be built in the output directory.
  Using <code class='flag'>--nobuild_runfile_links</code> can be useful
  to validate if all targets compile without incurring the overhead
  for building the runfiles trees.

</p>

<p>
  When tests (or applications) are executed, their run-time data
  dependencies are gathered together in one place. Within Bazel's
  output tree, this "runfiles" tree is typically rooted as a sibling of
  the corresponding binary or test.
  During test execution, runfiles may be accessed using paths of the form
  <code>$TEST_SRCDIR/workspace/<var>packagename</var>/<var>filename</var></code>.
  The runfiles tree ensures that tests have access to all the files
  upon which they have a declared dependence, and nothing more. By
  default, the runfiles tree is implemented by constructing a set of
  symbolic links to the required files. As the set of links grows, so
  does the cost of this operation, and for some large builds it can
  contribute significantly to overall build time, particularly because
  each individual test (or application) requires its own runfiles tree.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--build_runfile_manifests'><code class='flag'>--[no]build_runfile_manifests</code></h4>
<p>
  This option, which is enabled by default, specifies whether runfiles manifests
  should be written to the output tree.
  Disabling it implies <code class='flag'>--nobuild_runfile_links</code>.

  It can be disabled when executing tests remotely, as runfiles trees will
  be created remotely from in-memory manifests.

<h4 id='flag--discard_analysis_cache'>
  <code class='flag'>--[no]discard_analysis_cache</code></h4>
<p>
  When this option is enabled, Bazel will discard the analysis cache
  right before execution starts, thus freeing up additional memory
  (around 10%) for the <a href="guide.html#execution-phase">execution phase</a>.
  The drawback is that further incremental builds will be slower. See also
  <a href="/versions/{{ current_version }}/memory-saving-mode.html">
memory-saving mode</a>.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--keep_going'><code class='flag'>--[no]keep_going</code>  (-k)</h4>
<p>
  As in GNU Make, the execution phase of a build stops when the first
  error is encountered. Sometimes it is useful to try to build as
  much as possible even in the face of errors. This option enables
  that behavior, and when it is specified, the build will attempt to
  build every target whose prerequisites were successfully built, but
  will ignore errors.
</p>
<p>
  While this option is usually associated with the execution phase of
  a build, it also affects the analysis phase: if several targets are
  specified in a build command, but only some of them can be
  successfully analyzed, the build will stop with an error
  unless <code class='flag'>--keep_going</code> is specified, in which case the
  build will proceed to the execution phase, but only for the targets
  that were successfully analyzed.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--use_ijars'><code class='flag'>--[no]use_ijars</code></h4>
<p>
  This option changes the way <code>java_library</code> targets are
  compiled by Bazel. Instead of using the output of a
  <code>java_library</code> for compiling dependent
  <code>java_library</code> targets, Bazel will create interface jars
  that contain only the signatures of non-private members (public,
  protected, and default (package) access methods and fields) and use
  the interface jars to compile the dependent targets. This makes it
  possible to avoid recompilation when changes are only made to
  method bodies or private members of a class.
</p>
<p>
  Note that using <code class='flag'>--use_ijars</code> might give you a different
  error message when you are accidentally referring to a non visible
  member of another class: Instead of getting an error that the member
  is not visible you will get an error that the member does not exist.
</p>
<p>
  Note that changing the <code class='flag'>--use_ijars</code> setting will force
  a recompilation of all affected classes.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--interface_shared_objects'>
    <code class='flag'>--[no]interface_shared_objects</code>
</h4>
<p>
  This option enables <i>interface shared objects</i>, which makes binaries and
  other shared libraries depend on the <i>interface</i> of a shared object,
  rather than its implementation. When only the implementation changes, Bazel
  can avoid rebuilding targets that depend on the changed shared library
  unnecessarily.
</p>

<h3 id='output-selection-options'>Output selection</h3>
<p>
  These options determine what to build or test.
</p>

<h4 id="nobuild"><code class='flag'>--[no]build</code></h4>
<p>
  This option causes the execution phase of the build to occur; it is
  on by default. When it is switched off, the execution phase is
  skipped, and only the first two phases, loading and analysis, occur.
</p>
<p>
  This option can be useful for validating BUILD files and detecting
  errors in the inputs, without actually building anything.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--build_tests_only'><code class='flag'>--[no]build_tests_only</code></h4>
<p>
  If specified, Bazel will build only what is necessary to run the *_test
  and test_suite rules that were not filtered due to their
  <a href='#flag--test_size_filters'>size</a>,
  <a href='#flag--test_timeout_filters'>timeout</a>,
  <a href='#flag--test_tag_filters'>tag</a>, or
  <a href='#flag--test_lang_filters'>language</a>.
  If specified, Bazel will ignore other targets specified on the command line.
  By default, this option is disabled and Bazel will build everything
  requested, including *_test and test_suite rules that are filtered out from
  testing. This is useful because running
  <code>bazel test --build_tests_only foo/...</code> may not detect all build
  breakages in the <code>foo</code> tree.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--check_up_to_date'><code class='flag'>--[no]check_up_to_date</code></h4>
<p>
  This option causes Bazel not to perform a build, but merely check
  whether all specified targets are up-to-date. If so, the build
  completes successfully, as usual. However, if any files are out of
  date, instead of being built, an error is reported and the build
  fails. This option may be useful to determine whether a build has
  been performed more recently than a source edit (e.g. for pre-submit
  checks) without incurring the cost of a build.
</p>
<p>
  See also <a href="#flag--check_tests_up_to_date"><code class='flag'>--check_tests_up_to_date</code></a>.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--compile_one_dependency'><code class='flag'>--[no]compile_one_dependency</code></h4>
<p>
  Compile a single dependency of the argument files. This is useful for
  syntax checking source files in IDEs, for example, by rebuilding a single
  target that depends on the source file to detect errors as early as
  possible in the edit/build/test cycle. This argument affects the way all
  non-flag arguments are interpreted: each argument must be a
  file target label or a plain filename relative to the current working
  directory, and one rule that depends on each source filename is built. For

  C++ and Java
  sources, rules in the same language space are preferentially chosen. For
  multiple rules with the same preference, the one that appears first in the
  BUILD file is chosen. An explicitly named target pattern which does not
  reference a source file results in an error.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--save_temps'><code class='flag'>--save_temps</code></h4>
<p>
  The <code class='flag'>--save_temps</code> option causes temporary outputs from the compiler to be
  saved. These include .s files (assembler code), .i (preprocessed C) and .ii
  (preprocessed C++) files. These outputs are often useful for debugging. Temps will only be
  generated for the set of targets specified on the command line.
</p>
<p>
  Note that the implementation of <code class='flag'>--save_temps</code> does not use the compiler's
  <code>-save-temps</code> flag. Instead, there are two passes, one with <code>-S</code>
  and one with <code>-E</code>. A consequence of this is that if your build fails,
  Bazel may not yet have produced the ".i" or ".ii" and ".s" files.
  If you're trying to use <code class='flag'>--save_temps</code> to debug a failed compilation,
  you may need to also use <code class='flag'>--keep_going</code> so that Bazel will still try to
  produce the preprocessed files after the compilation fails.
</p>
<p>
  The <code class='flag'>--save_temps</code> flag currently works only for cc_* rules.
</p>
<p>
  To ensure that Bazel prints the location of the additional output files, check that
  your <a href='#flag--show_result'><code class='flag'>--show_result <var>n</var></code></a>
  setting is high enough.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--build_tag_filters'><code class='flag'>--build_tag_filters=<var>tag[,tag]*</var></code></h4>
<p>
  If specified, Bazel will build only targets that have at least one required tag
  (if any of them are specified) and does not have any excluded tags. Build tag
  filter is specified as comma delimited list of tag keywords, optionally
  preceded with '-' sign used to denote excluded tags. Required tags may also
  have a preceding '+' sign.
</p>
<p>
  When running tests, Bazel ignores <code class='flag'>--build_tag_filters</code> for test targets,
  which are built and run even if they do not match this filter. To avoid building them, filter
  test targets using <code class='flag'>--test_tag_filters</code> or by explicitly excluding them.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--test_size_filters'><code class='flag'>--test_size_filters=<var>size[,size]*</var></code></h4>
<p>
  If specified, Bazel will test (or build if <code class='flag'>--build_tests_only</code>
  is also specified) only test targets with the given size. Test size filter
  is specified as comma delimited list of allowed test size values (small,
  medium, large or enormous), optionally preceded with '-' sign used to denote
  excluded test sizes. For example,
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel test --test_size_filters=small,medium //foo:all
</pre>
  and
<pre>
  % bazel test --test_size_filters=-large,-enormous //foo:all
</pre>
<p>
  will test only small and medium tests inside //foo.
</p>
<p>
  By default, test size filtering is not applied.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--test_timeout_filters'><code class='flag'>--test_timeout_filters=<var>timeout[,timeout]*</var></code></h4>
<p>
  If specified, Bazel will test (or build if <code class='flag'>--build_tests_only</code>
  is also specified) only test targets with the given timeout. Test timeout filter
  is specified as comma delimited list of allowed test timeout values (short,
  moderate, long or eternal), optionally preceded with '-' sign used to denote
  excluded test timeouts. See <a href='#flag--test_size_filters'>--test_size_filters</a>
  for example syntax.
</p>
<p>
  By default, test timeout filtering is not applied.
</p>


<h4 id='flag--test_tag_filters'><code class='flag'>--test_tag_filters=<var>tag[,tag]*</var></code></h4>
<p>
  If specified, Bazel will test (or build if <code class='flag'>--build_tests_only</code>
  is also specified) only test targets that have at least one required tag
  (if any of them are specified) and does not have any excluded tags. Test tag
  filter is specified as comma delimited list of tag keywords, optionally
  preceded with '-' sign used to denote excluded tags. Required tags may also
  have a preceding '+' sign.
</p>
<p>
  For example,
<pre>
  % bazel test --test_tag_filters=performance,stress,-flaky //myproject:all
</pre>
<p>
  will test targets that are tagged with either <code>performance</code> or
  <code>stress</code> tag but are <b>not</b> tagged with the <code>flaky</code>
  tag.
</p>
<p>
  By default, test tag filtering is not applied. Note that you can also filter
  on test's <code>size</code> and <code>local</code> tags in
  this manner.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--test_lang_filters'><code class='flag'>--test_lang_filters=<var>lang[,lang]*</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Specifies a comma-separated list of test languages for languages with an official <code>*_test</code> rule the
  (see <a href="be/overview.html">build encyclopedia</a> for a full list of these). Each
  language can be optionally preceded with '-' to specify excluded
  languages. The name used for each language should be the same as
  the language prefix in the <code>*_test</code> rule, for example,
  <code>cc</code>, <code>java</code> or <code>sh</code>.
</p>
<p>
  If specified, Bazel will test (or build if <code class='flag'>--build_tests_only</code>
  is also specified) only test targets of the specified language(s).
</p>
<p>
  For example,
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel test --test_lang_filters=cc,java foo/...
</pre>
<p>
  will test only the C/C++ and Java tests (defined using
  <code>cc_test</code> and <code>java_test</code> rules, respectively)
  in <code>foo/...</code>, while
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel test --test_lang_filters=-sh,-java foo/...
</pre>
<p>
  will run all of the tests in <code>foo/...</code> except for the
  <code>sh_test</code> and <code>java_test</code> tests.
</p>
<p>
  By default, test language filtering is not applied.
</p>

<h4 id="flag--test_filter"><code class='flag'>--test_filter=<var>filter-expression</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Specifies a filter that the test runner may use to pick a subset of tests for
  running. All targets specified in the invocation are built, but depending on
  the expression only some of them may be executed; in some cases, only certain
  test methods are run.
</p>
<p>
  The particular interpretation of <var>filter-expression</var> is up to
  the test framework responsible for running the test. It may be a glob,
  substring, or regexp. <code class='flag'>--test_filter</code> is a convenience
  over passing different <code class='flag'>--test_arg</code> filter arguments,
  but not all frameworks support it.
</p>

<h3 id='verbosity'>Verbosity</h3>

These options control the verbosity of Bazel's output,
either to the terminal, or to additional log files.

<h4 id='flag--explain'><code class='flag'>--explain=<var>logfile</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option, which requires a filename argument, causes the
  dependency checker in <code>bazel build</code>'s execution phase to
  explain, for each build step, either why it is being executed, or
  that it is up-to-date. The explanation is written
  to <i>logfile</i>.
</p>
<p>
  If you are encountering unexpected rebuilds, this option can help to
  understand the reason. Add it to your <code>.bazelrc</code> so that
  logging occurs for all subsequent builds, and then inspect the log
  when you see an execution step executed unexpectedly. This option
  may carry a small performance penalty, so you might want to remove
  it when it is no longer needed.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--verbose_explanations'><code class='flag'>--verbose_explanations</code></h4>
<p>
  This option increases the verbosity of the explanations generated
  when the <a href='#flag--explain'>--explain</a> option is enabled.
</p>
<p>
  In particular, if verbose explanations are enabled,
  and an output file is rebuilt because the command used to
  build it has changed, then the output in the explanation file will
  include the full details of the new command (at least for most
  commands).
</p>
<p>
  Using this option may significantly increase the length of the
  generated explanation file and the performance penalty of using
  <code class='flag'>--explain</code>.
</p>
<p>
  If <code class='flag'>--explain</code> is not enabled, then
  <code class='flag'>--verbose_explanations</code> has no effect.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--profile'><code class='flag'>--profile=<var>file</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option, which takes a filename argument, causes Bazel to write
  profiling data into a file. The data then can be analyzed or parsed using the
  <code>bazel analyze-profile</code> command. The Build profile can be useful in
  understanding where Bazel's <code>build</code> command is spending its time.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--show_loading_progress'><code class='flag'>--[no]show_loading_progress</code></h4>
<p>
  This option causes Bazel to output package-loading progress
  messages. If it is disabled, the messages won't be shown.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--show_progress'><code class='flag'>--[no]show_progress</code></h4>
<p>
  This option causes progress messages to be displayed; it is on by
  default. When disabled, progress messages are suppressed.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--show_progress_rate_limit'><code class='flag'>--show_progress_rate_limit=
    <var>n</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option causes bazel to display only
  one progress message per <code>n</code> seconds, where <var>n</var> is a real number.
  If <code>n</code> is -1, all progress messages will be displayed. The default value for
  this option is 0.03, meaning bazel will limit the progress messages to one per every
  0.03 seconds.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--show_result'><code class='flag'>--show_result=<var>n</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option controls the printing of result information at the end
  of a <code>bazel build</code> command. By default, if a single
  build target was specified, Bazel prints a message stating whether
  or not the target was successfully brought up-to-date, and if so,
  the list of output files that the target created. If multiple
  targets were specified, result information is not displayed.
</p>
<p>
  While the result information may be useful for builds of a single
  target or a few targets, for large builds (e.g. an entire top-level
  project tree), this information can be overwhelming and distracting;
  this option allows it to be controlled. <code class='flag'>--show_result</code>
  takes an integer argument, which is the maximum number of targets
  for which full result information should be printed. By default,
  the value is 1. Above this threshold, no result information is
  shown for individual targets. Thus zero causes the result
  information to be suppressed always, and a very large value causes
  the result to be printed always.
</p>
<p>
  Users may wish to choose a value in-between if they regularly
  alternate between building a small group of targets (for example,
  during the compile-edit-test cycle) and a large group of targets
  (for example, when establishing a new workspace or running
  regression tests). In the former case, the result information is
  very useful whereas in the latter case it is less so. As with all
  options, this can be specified implicitly via
  the <a href='guide.html#bazelrc'><code>.bazelrc</code></a> file.
</p>
<p>
  The files are printed so as to make it easy to copy and paste the
  filename to the shell, to run built executables. The "up-to-date"
  or "failed" messages for each target can be easily parsed by scripts
  which drive a build.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--sandbox_debug'><code class='flag'>--sandbox_debug</code></h4>
<p>
  This option causes Bazel to print extra debugging information when using sandboxing for action
  execution. This option also preserves sandbox directories, so that the files visible to actions
  during execution can be examined.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--subcommands'><code class='flag'>--subcommands</code> (<code>-s</code>)</h4>
<p>
  This option causes Bazel's execution phase to print the full command line
  for each command prior to executing it.
</p>

<pre>
  &gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; # //examples/cpp:hello-world [action 'Linking examples/cpp/hello-world']
  (cd /home/johndoe/.cache/bazel/_bazel_johndoe/4c084335afceb392cfbe7c31afee3a9f/bazel && \
    exec env - \
    /usr/bin/gcc -o bazel-out/local-fastbuild/bin/examples/cpp/hello-world -B/usr/bin/ -Wl,-z,relro,-z,now -no-canonical-prefixes -pass-exit-codes -Wl,-S -Wl,@bazel-out/local_linux-fastbuild/bin/examples/cpp/hello-world-2.params)
</pre>
<p>
  Where possible, commands are printed in a Bourne shell compatible syntax,
  so that they can be easily copied and pasted to a shell command prompt.
  (The surrounding parentheses are provided to protect your shell from the
  <code>cd</code> and <code>exec</code> calls; be sure to copy them!)
  However some commands are implemented internally within Bazel, such as
  creating symlink trees. For these there's no command line to display.

</p>

<p>
  <code class='flag'>--subcommands=pretty_print</code> may be passed to print
  the arguments of the command as a list rather than as a single line. This may
  help make long command lines more readable.
</p>

<p>
  See also <a href="#flag--verbose_failures">--verbose_failures</a>, below.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--verbose_failures'><code class='flag'>--verbose_failures</code></h4>
<p>
  This option causes Bazel's execution phase to print the full command line
  for commands that failed. This can be invaluable for debugging a
  failing build.
</p>
<p>
  Failing commands are printed in a Bourne shell compatible syntax, suitable
  for copying and pasting to a shell prompt.
</p>

<h3 id='workspace_status'>Workspace status</h3>

<p>
  Use these options to "stamp" Bazel-built binaries: to embed additional information into the
  binaries, such as the source control revision or other workspace-related information. You can use
  this mechanism with rules that support the <code>stamp</code> attribute, such as
  <code>genrule</code>, <code>cc_binary</code>, and more.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--workspace_status_command'><code class='flag'>--workspace_status_command=<var>program</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This flag lets you specify a binary that Bazel runs before each build. The program can report
  information about the status of the workspace, such as the current source control revision.
</p>
<p>
  The flag's value must be a path to a native program. On Linux/macOS this may be any executable.
  On Windows this must be a native binary, typically an ".exe", ".bat", or a ".cmd" file.
</p>

<p>
  The program should print zero or more key/value pairs to standard output, one entry on each line,
  then exit with zero (otherwise the build fails). The key names can be anything but they may only
  use upper case letters and underscores. The first space after the key name separates it from the
  value. The value is the rest of the line (including additional whitespaces). Neither the key nor
  the value may span multiple lines. Keys must not be duplicated.
</p>
<p>
  Bazel partitions the keys into two buckets: "stable" and "volatile". (The names "stable" and
  "volatile" are a bit counter-intuitive, so don't think much about them.)
</p>

<p>Bazel then writes the key-value pairs into two files:</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    <code>bazel-out/stable-status.txt</code>
    contains all keys and values where the key's name starts with <code>STABLE_</code>
  </li>
  <li>
    <code>bazel-out/volatile-status.txt</code>
    contains the rest of the keys and their values
  </li>
</ul>

<p>The contract is:</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    <p>
      "stable" keys' values should change rarely, if possible. If the contents of
    <code>bazel-out/stable-status.txt</code>
      change, Bazel invalidates the actions that depend on them. In
      other words, if a stable key's value changes, Bazel will rerun stamped actions.
      Therefore the stable status should not contain things like timestamps, because they change all
      the time, and would make Bazel rerun stamped actions with each build.
    </p>
    <p>Bazel always outputs the following stable keys:</p>
    <ul>
      <li><code>BUILD_EMBED_LABEL</code>: value of <code class='flag'>--embed_label</code></li>
      <li><code>BUILD_HOST</code>: the name of the host machine that Bazel is running on</li>
      <li><code>BUILD_USER</code>: the name of the user that Bazel is running as</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>
    <p>
      "volatile" keys' values may change often. Bazel expects them to change all the time, like
      timestamps do, and duly updates the
    <code>bazel-out/volatile-status.txt</code>
      file. In order to avoid
      rerunning stamped actions all the time though, <b>Bazel pretends that the volatile file never
      changes</b>. In other words, if the volatile status file is the only file whose contents has
      changed, Bazel will not invalidate actions that depend on it. If other inputs of the actions
      have changed, then Bazel reruns that action, and the action will see the updated volatile
      status, but just the volatile status changing alone will not invalidate the action.
    </p>
    <p>Bazel always outputs the following volatile keys:</p>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <code>BUILD_TIMESTAMP</code>: time of the build in seconds since the Unix Epoch (the value
        of <code>System.currentTimeMillis()</code> divided by a thousand)
      </li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

<p>
  On Linux/macOS you can pass <code class='flag'>--workspace_status_command=/bin/true</code> to
  disable retrieving workspace status, because <code>true</code> does nothing, successfully (exits
  with zero) and prints no output. On Windows you can pass the path of MSYS's <code>true.exe</code>
  for the same effect.
</p>

<p>If the workspace status command fails (exits non-zero) for any reason, the build will fail.</p>

<p>Example program on Linux using Git:</p>

<pre>
#!/bin/bash
echo "CURRENT_TIME $(date +%s)"
echo "RANDOM_HASH $(cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid)"
echo "STABLE_GIT_COMMIT $(git rev-parse HEAD)"
echo "STABLE_USER_NAME $USER"
</pre>

<p>
  Pass this program's path with <code>--workspace_status_command</code>, and the stable status file
  will include the STABLE lines and the volatile status file will include the rest of the lines.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--stamp'><code class='flag'>--[no]stamp</code></h4>
<p>
  This option, in conjunction with the <code>stamp</code> rule attribute, controls whether to embed
  build information in binaries.
</p>
<p>
  Stamping can be enabled or disabled explicitly on a per-rule basis using the <code>stamp</code>
  attribute. Please refer to the <a href="be/overview.html">build encyclopedia</a> for details. When
  a rule sets <code>stamp = -1</code> (the default for <code>*_binary</code> rules), this option
  determines whether stamping is enabled.
</p>
<p>
  Bazel never stamps binaries that are built for the host configuration, regardless of this option
  or the <code>stamp</code> attribute. By default, stamping is disabled for all tests. Specifying
  <code class='flag'>--stamp</code> does not force targets to be rebuilt if their dependencies have
  not changed.
</p>
<p>
  Setting <code class='flag'>--nostamp</code> is generally desireable for build performance, as it
  reduces input volatility and maximizes build caching.
</p>

<h3 id='platform_build_options'>Platform</h3>

<p>
  Use these options to control the host and target platforms that configure how builds work, and to
  control what execution platforms and toolchains are available to Bazel rules.
</p>

<p>
  Please see background information on
  <a href="platforms.html">Platforms</a> and <a href="toolchains.html">Toolchains</a>.
</p>

<h4 id="flag--platforms"><code class='flag'>--platforms=<var>labels</var></code></h4>
<p>
  The labels of the platform rules describing the target platforms for the
  current command.
</p>

<h4 id="flag--host_platform"><code class='flag'>--host_platform=<var>label</var></code></h4>
<p>
  The label of a platform rule that describes the host system.
</p>

<h4 id="flag--extra_execution_platforms"><code class='flag'>--extra_execution_platforms=<var>labels</var></code></h4>
<p>
  The platforms that are available as execution platforms to run actions.
  Platforms can be specified by exact target, or as a target pattern. These
  platforms will be considered before those declared in the WORKSPACE file by
  <a href="skylark/lib/globals.html#register_execution_platforms">
  register_execution_platforms()</a>.
</p>

<h4 id="flag--extra_toolchains"><code class='flag'>--extra_toolchains=<var>labels</var></code></h4>
<p>
  The toolchain rules to be considered during toolchain resolution. Toolchains
  can be specified by exact target, or as a target pattern. These toolchains will
  be considered before those declared in the WORKSPACE file by
     <a href="skylark/lib/globals.html#register_toolchains">
  register_toolchains()</a>.
</p>

<h4 id="flag--toolchain_resolution_debug"><code class='flag'>--toolchain_resolution_debug=<var>regex</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Print debug information while finding toolchains if the toolchain type matches
  the regex. Multiple regexes can be separated by commas. The regex can be
  negated by using a <code>-</code> at the beginning. This might help developers
  of Bazel or Starlark rules with debugging failures due to missing toolchains.
</p>

<h3 id='misc_build_options'>Miscellaneous</h3>

<h4 id='flag--flag_alias'><code class='flag'>--flag_alias=<var>alias_name=target_path</var></code></h4>
<p>
  A convenience flag used to bind longer Starlark build settings to a shorter name. For more
  details, see the
  <a href=https://docs.bazel.build/versions/main/skylark/config.html#using-build-setting-aliases">Starlark Configurations</a>.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--symlink_prefix'><code class='flag'>--symlink_prefix=<var>string</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Changes the prefix of the generated convenience symlinks. The
  default value for the symlink prefix is <code>bazel-</code> which
  will create the symlinks <code>bazel-bin</code>, <code>bazel-testlogs</code>, and
  <code>bazel-genfiles</code>.
</p>
<p>
  If the symbolic links cannot be created for any reason, a warning is
  issued but the build is still considered a success. In particular,
  this allows you to build in a read-only directory or one that you have no
  permission to write into. Any paths printed in informational
  messages at the conclusion of a build will only use the
  symlink-relative short form if the symlinks point to the expected
  location; in other words, you can rely on the correctness of those
  paths, even if you cannot rely on the symlinks being created.
</p>
<p>
  Some common values of this option:
</p>
<ul>

  <li>
    <p><b>Suppress symlink creation:</b>
      <code class='flag'>--symlink_prefix=/</code> will cause Bazel to not
      create or update any symlinks, including the <code>bazel-out</code> and

      <code>bazel-&lt;workspace&gt;</code>
      symlinks. Use this option to suppress symlink creation entirely.
    </p>
  </li>
  <li>
    <p><b>Reduce clutter:</b>
      <code class='flag'>--symlink_prefix=.bazel/</code> will cause Bazel to create
      symlinks called <code>bin</code> (etc) inside a hidden directory <code>.bazel</code>.
    </p>
  </li>
</ul>

<h4 id='flag--platform_suffix'><code class='flag'>--platform_suffix=<var>string</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Adds a suffix to the configuration short name, which is used to determine the
  output directory. Setting this option to different values puts the files into
  different directories, for example to improve cache hit rates for builds that
  otherwise clobber each others output files, or to keep the output files around
  for comparisons.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--default_visibility'><code class='flag'>--default_visibility=<var>(private|public)</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Temporary flag for testing bazel default visibility changes. Not intended for general use
  but documented for completeness' sake.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--use_action_cache'><code class='flag'>--[no]use_action_cache</code></h4>
<p>
    This option is enabled by default. If disabled, Bazel will not use its local action cache.
    Disabling the local action cache saves memory and disk space for clean builds, but will make
    incremental builds slower.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--starlark_cpu_profile'><code class='flag'>--starlark_cpu_profile=<i>file</i></code></h4>
<p>
  This flag, whose value is the name of a file, causes Bazel to gather
  statistics about CPU usage by all Starlark threads,
  and write the profile, in <a href='https://github.com/google/pprof'>pprof</a> format,
  to the named file.

  Use this option to help identify Starlark functions that
  make loading and analysis slow due to excessive computation. For example:
</p>
<pre>
$ bazel build --nobuild --starlark_cpu_profile=/tmp/pprof.gz my/project/...
$ pprof /tmp/pprof.gz
(pprof) top
Type: CPU
Time: Feb 6, 2020 at 12:06pm (PST)
Duration: 5.26s, Total samples = 3.34s (63.55%)
Showing nodes accounting for 3.34s, 100% of 3.34s total
      flat  flat%   sum%        cum   cum%
     1.86s 55.69% 55.69%      1.86s 55.69%  sort_source_files
     1.02s 30.54% 86.23%      1.02s 30.54%  expand_all_combinations
     0.44s 13.17% 99.40%      0.44s 13.17%  range
     0.02s   0.6%   100%      3.34s   100%  sorted
         0     0%   100%      1.38s 41.32%  my/project/main/BUILD
         0     0%   100%      1.96s 58.68%  my/project/library.bzl
         0     0%   100%      3.34s   100%  main
</pre>
<p>
  For different views of the same data, try the <code>pprof</code> commands <code>svg</code>,
  <code>web</code>, and <code>list</code>.
</p>

<h2 id='bazel-releng'>Using Bazel for releases</h2>
<p>
  Bazel is used both by software engineers during the development
  cycle, and by release engineers when preparing binaries for deployment
  to production. This section provides a list of tips for release
  engineers using Bazel.

</p>

<h3>Significant options</h3>

<p>
  When using Bazel for release builds, the same issues arise as for
  other scripts that perform a build, so you should read
  the <a href='guide.html#scripting'>scripting</a> section of this manual.
  In particular, the following options are strongly recommended:
</p>
<ul>
  <li><a href='guide.html#bazelrc'><code class='flag'>--bazelrc=/dev/null</code></a></li>
  <li><a href='#flag--keep_state_after_build'><code class='flag'>--nokeep_state_after_build</code></a></li>
</ul>

<p>
  These options are also important:
</p>

<ul>

  <li><a href='#flag--package_path'><code class='flag'>--package_path</code></a></li>
  <li><a href='#flag--symlink_prefix'><code class='flag'>--symlink_prefix</code></a>:
    for managing builds for multiple configurations,
    it may be convenient to distinguish each build
    with a distinct identifier, e.g. "64bit" vs. "32bit". This option
    differentiates the <code>bazel-bin</code> (etc.) symlinks.
  </li>
</ul>

<h2 id='test'>Running tests</h2>
<p>
  To build and run tests with bazel, type <code>bazel test</code> followed by
  the name of the test targets.
</p>
<p>
  By default, this command performs simultaneous build and test
  activity, building all specified targets (including any non-test
  targets specified on the command line) and testing
  <code>*_test</code> and <code>test_suite</code> targets as soon as
  their prerequisites are built, meaning that test execution is
  interleaved with building. Doing so usually results in significant
  speed gains.

</p>

<h3>Options for <code>bazel test</code></h3>

<h4 id="flag--cache_test_results"><code class='flag'>--cache_test_results=(yes|no|auto)</code> (<code>-t</code>)</h4>
<p>
  If this option is set to 'auto' (the default) then Bazel will only rerun a test if any of the
  following conditions applies:
</p>
<ul>
  <li>Bazel detects changes in the test or its dependencies</li>
  <li>the test is marked as <code>external</code></li>
  <li>multiple test runs were requested with <code class='flag'>--runs_per_test</code></li>
  <li>the test failed.</li>
</ul>
<p>
  If 'no', all tests will be executed unconditionally.
</p>
<p>
  If 'yes', the caching behavior will be the same as auto
  except that it may cache test failures and test runs with
  <code class='flag'>--runs_per_test</code>.
</p>
<p>
  Note that test results are <em>always</em> saved in Bazel's output tree,
  regardless of whether this option is enabled, so
  you needn't have used <code class='flag'>--cache_test_results</code> on the
  prior run(s) of <code>bazel test</code> in order to get cache hits.
  The option only affects whether Bazel will <em>use</em> previously
  saved results, not whether it will save results of the current run.
</p>
<p>
  Users who have enabled this option by default in
  their <code>.bazelrc</code> file may find the
  abbreviations <code>-t</code> (on) or <code>-t-</code> (off)
  convenient for overriding the default on a particular run.
</p>

<h4 id="flag--check_tests_up_to_date"><code class='flag'>--check_tests_up_to_date</code></h4>
<p>
  This option tells Bazel not to run the tests, but to merely check and report
  the cached test results. If there are any tests which have not been
  previously built and run, or whose tests results are out-of-date (e.g. because
  the source code or the build options have changed), then Bazel will report
  an error message ("test result is not up-to-date"), will record the test's
  status as "NO STATUS" (in red, if color output is enabled), and will return
  a non-zero exit code.
</p>
<p>
  This option also implies
  <code><a href="#flag--check_up_to_date">--check_up_to_date</a></code> behavior.
</p>
<p>
  This option may be useful for pre-submit checks.
</p>

<h4 id="flag--test_verbose_timeout_warnings"><code class='flag'>--test_verbose_timeout_warnings</code></h4>
<p>
  This option tells Bazel to explicitly warn the user if a test's timeout is
significantly longer than the test's actual execution time. While a test's
timeout should be set such that it is not flaky, a test that has a highly
over-generous timeout can hide real problems that crop up unexpectedly.
</p>
<p>
For instance, a test that normally executes in a minute or two should not have
a timeout of ETERNAL or LONG as these are much, much too generous.

  This option is useful to help users decide on a good timeout value or
  sanity check existing timeout values.
</p>
<p>
Note that each test shard is allotted the timeout of the entire
<code>XX_test</code> target. Using this option does not affect a test's timeout
value, merely warns if Bazel thinks the timeout could be restricted further.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--test_keep_going'><code class='flag'>--[no]test_keep_going</code></h4>
<p>
  By default, all tests are run to completion. If this flag is disabled,
  however, the build is aborted on any non-passing test. Subsequent build steps
  and test invocations are not run, and in-flight invocations are canceled.
  Do not specify both <code class='flag'>--notest_keep_going</code> and
  <code class='flag'>--keep_going</code>.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--flaky_test_attempts'><code class='flag'>--flaky_test_attempts=<var>attempts</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option specifies the maximum number of times a test should be attempted
  if it fails for any reason. A test that initially fails but eventually
  succeeds is reported as <code>FLAKY</code> on the test summary. It is,
  however, considered to be passed when it comes to identifying Bazel exit code
  or total number of passed tests. Tests that fail all allowed attempts are
  considered to be failed.
</p>
<p>
  By default (when this option is not specified, or when it is set to
  &quot;default&quot;), only a single attempt is allowed for regular tests, and
  3 for test rules with the <code>flaky</code> attribute set. You can specify
  an integer value to override the maximum limit of test attempts. Bazel allows
  a maximum of 10 test attempts in order to prevent abuse of the system.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--runs_per_test'><code class='flag'>--runs_per_test=<var>[regex@]number</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option specifies the number of times each test should be executed. All
  test executions are treated as separate tests (e.g. fallback functionality
  will apply to each of them independently).
</p>
<p>
  The status of a target with failing runs depends on the value of the
  <code>--runs_per_test_detects_flakes</code> flag:
</p>
<ul>
  <li>If absent, any failing run causes the entire test to fail.</li>
  <li>If present and two runs from the same shard return PASS and FAIL, the test
  will receive a status of flaky (unless other failing runs cause it to
  fail).</li>
</ul>

<p>
  If a single number is specified, all tests will run that many times.
  Alternatively, a regular expression may be specified using the syntax
  regex@number. This constrains the effect of --runs_per_test to targets
  which match the regex (e.g. "--runs_per_test=^//pizza:.*@4" runs all tests
  under //pizza/ 4 times).
  This form of --runs_per_test may be specified more than once.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--runs_per_test_detects_flakes'><code
    class='flag'>--[no]runs_per_test_detects_flakes</code></h4>
<p>
  If this option is specified (by default it is not), Bazel will detect flaky
  test shards through --runs_per_test. If one or more runs for a single shard
  fail and one or more runs for the same shard pass, the target will be
  considered flaky with the flag. If unspecified, the target will report a
  failing status.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--test_summary'><code class='flag'>--test_summary=<var>output_style</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Specifies how the test result summary should be displayed.
</p>
<ul>
  <li><code>short</code> prints the results of each test along with the name of
    the file containing the test output if the test failed. This is the default
    value.
  </li>
  <li><code>terse</code> like <code>short</code>, but even shorter: only print
    information about tests which did not pass.
  </li>
  <li><code>detailed</code> prints each individual test case that failed, not
    only each test. The names of test output files are omitted.
  </li>
  <li><code>none</code> does not print test summary.
  </li>
</ul>

<h4 id='flag--test_output'><code class='flag'>--test_output=<var>output_style</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Specifies how test output should be displayed:
</p>
<ul>
  <li><code>summary</code> shows a summary of whether each test passed or
    failed. Also shows the output log file name for failed tests. The summary
    will be printed at the end of the build (during the build, one would see
    just simple progress messages when tests start, pass or fail).
    This is the default behavior.
  </li>
  <li><code>errors</code> sends combined stdout/stderr output from failed tests
    only into the stdout immediately after test is completed, ensuring that
    test output from simultaneous tests is not interleaved with each other.
    Prints a summary at the build as per summary output above.
  </li>
  <li><code>all</code> is similar to <code>errors</code> but prints output for
    all tests, including those which passed.
  </li>
  <li><code>streamed</code> streams stdout/stderr output from each test in
  real-time.

  </li>
</ul>

<h4 id='flag--java_debug'><code class='flag'>--java_debug</code></h4>
<p>
  This option causes the Java virtual machine of a java test to wait for a connection from a
  JDWP-compliant debugger before starting the test. This option implies --test_output=streamed.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--verbose_test_summary'><code class='flag'>--[no]verbose_test_summary</code></h4>
<p>
  By default this option is enabled, causing test times and other additional
  information (such as test attempts) to be printed to the test summary. If
  <code class='flag'>--noverbose_test_summary</code> is specified, test summary will
  include only test name, test status and cached test indicator and will
  be formatted to stay within 80 characters when possible.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--test_tmpdir'><code class='flag'>--test_tmpdir=<var>path</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Specifies temporary directory for tests executed locally. Each test will be
  executed in a separate subdirectory inside this directory. The directory will
  be cleaned at the beginning of the each <code>bazel test</code> command.
  By default, bazel will place this directory under Bazel output base directory.
  Note that this is a directory for running tests, not storing test results
  (those are always stored under the <code>bazel-out</code> directory).
</p>

<h4 id='flag--test_timeout'>
    <code class='flag'>--test_timeout=
    <var>seconds</var></code>
    OR
    <code class='flag'>--test_timeout=
    <var>seconds</var>,<var>seconds</var>,<var>seconds</var>,<var>seconds</var>
    </code>
</h4>
<p>
  Overrides the timeout value for all tests by using specified number of
  seconds as a new timeout value. If only one value is provided, then it will
  be used for all test timeout categories.
 </p>
 <p>
  Alternatively, four comma-separated values may be provided, specifying
  individual timeouts for short, moderate, long and eternal tests (in that
  order).
  In either form, zero or a negative value for any of the test sizes will
  be substituted by the default timeout for the given timeout categories as
  defined by the page
  <a href="test-encyclopedia.html">Writing Tests</a>.
  By default, Bazel will use these timeouts for all tests by
  inferring the timeout limit from the test's size whether the size is
  implicitly or explicitly set.
</p>
<p>
  Tests which explicitly state their timeout category as distinct from their
  size will receive the same value as if that timeout had been implicitly set by
  the size tag. So a test of size 'small' which declares a 'long' timeout will
  have the same effective timeout that a 'large' tests has with no explicit
  timeout.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--test_arg'><code class='flag'>--test_arg=<var>arg</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Passes command-line options/flags/arguments to each test process. This
  option can be used multiple times to pass several arguments, e.g.
  <code class='flag'>--test_arg=--logtostderr --test_arg=--v=3</code>.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--test_env'><code class='flag'>--test_env=<var>variable</var>=<i>value</i></code>
    OR
    <code class='flag'>--test_env=<var>variable</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Specifies additional variables that must be injected into the test
  environment for each test. If <var>value</var> is not specified it will be
  inherited from the shell environment used to start the <code>bazel test</code>
  command.
</p>
<p>
  The environment can be accessed from within a test by using
  <code>System.getenv("var")</code> (Java),
  <code>getenv("var")</code> (C or C++),

</p>

<h4 id="flag--run_under"><code class='flag'>--run_under=<var>command-prefix</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This specifies a prefix that the test runner will insert in front
  of the test command before running it. The
  <var>command-prefix</var> is split into words using Bourne shell
  tokenization rules, and then the list of words is prepended to the
  command that will be executed.
</p>
<p>
  If the first word is a fully-qualified label (i.e. starts with
  <code>//</code>) it is built. Then the label is substituted by the
  corresponding executable location that is prepended to the command
  that will be executed along with the other words.
</p>

<p>
Some caveats apply:
</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    The PATH used for running tests may be different than the PATH in your environment,
    so you may need to use an <b>absolute path</b> for the <code class='flag'>--run_under</code>
    command (the first word in <var>command-prefix</var>).
  </li>
  <li>
    <b><code>stdin</code> is not connected</b>, so <code class='flag'>--run_under</code>
    can't be used for interactive commands.
  </li>

</ul>
<p>
Examples:
</p>
<pre>
        --run_under=/usr/bin/strace
        --run_under='/usr/bin/strace -c'
        --run_under=/usr/bin/valgrind
        --run_under='/usr/bin/valgrind --quiet --num-callers=20'
</pre>

<h4>Test selection</h4>
<p>
  As documented under <a href='#output-selection-options'>Output selection options</a>,
  you can filter tests by <a href='#flag--test_size_filters'>size</a>,
  <a href='#flag--test_timeout_filters'>timeout</a>,
  <a href='#flag--test_tag_filters'>tag</a>, or
  <a href='#flag--test_lang_filters'>language</a>. A convenience
  <a href='#flag--test_filter'>general name filter</a> can forward particular
  filter args to the test runner.
</p>

<h4 id="other_options_for_bazel_test">Other options for <code>bazel test</code></h4>
<p>
  The syntax and the remaining options are exactly like
  <a href='guide.html#build'>bazel build</a>.
</p>


<h3 id='clean'>Cleaning build outputs</h3>

<h4>The <code>clean</code> command</h4>

<p>
  Bazel has a <code>clean</code> command, analogous to that of Make.
  It deletes the output directories for all build configurations performed
  by this Bazel instance, or the entire working tree created by this
  Bazel instance, and resets internal caches. If executed without any
  command-line options, then the output directory for all configurations
  will be cleaned.
</p>

<p>Recall that each Bazel instance is associated with a single workspace, thus the
  <code>clean</code> command will delete all outputs from all builds you've done
  with that Bazel instance in that workspace.
</p>
<p>
  To completely remove the entire working tree created by a Bazel
  instance,  you can specify the <code class='flag'>--expunge</code> option. When
  executed with <code class='flag'>--expunge</code>, the clean command simply
  removes the entire output base tree which, in addition to the build
  output, contains all temp files created by Bazel. It also
  stops the Bazel server after the clean, equivalent to the <a
  href='#shutdown'><code>shutdown</code></a> command. For example, to
  clean up all disk and memory traces of a Bazel instance, you could
  specify:
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel clean --expunge
</pre>
<p>
  Alternatively, you can expunge in the background by using
  <code class='flag'>--expunge_async</code>. It is safe to invoke a Bazel command
  in the same client while the asynchronous expunge continues to run.
  Note, however, that this may introduce IO contention.
</p>

<p>
  The <code>clean</code> command is provided primarily as a means of
  reclaiming disk space for workspaces that are no longer needed.
  Bazel's incremental rebuilds may not be
  perfect so <code>clean</code> can be used to recover a consistent
  state when problems arise.
</p>
<p>
  Bazel's design is such that these problems are fixable and
  these bugs are a high priority to be fixed. If you
  ever find an incorrect incremental build, file a bug report, and report bugs in the tools
  rather than using <code>clean</code>.
</p>

<h2 id='run'>Running executables</h2>
<p>
  The <code>bazel run</code> command is similar to <code>bazel build</code>, except
  it is used to build <em>and run</em> a single target. Here is a typical session:
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel run java/myapp:myapp -- --arg1 --arg2
  Welcome to Bazel
  INFO: Loading package: java/myapp
  INFO: Loading package: foo/bar
  INFO: Loading complete.  Analyzing...
  INFO: Found 1 target...
  ...
  Target //java/myapp:myapp up-to-date:
    bazel-bin/java/myapp:myapp
  INFO: Elapsed time: 0.638s, Critical Path: 0.34s

  INFO: Running command line: bazel-bin/java/myapp:myapp --arg1 --arg2
  Hello there
  $EXEC_ROOT/java/myapp/myapp
  --arg1
  --arg2
</pre>

<p>
  Note the use of the <code>--</code>. This is needed so that Bazel
  does not interpret <code>--arg1</code> and <code>--arg2</code> as
  Bazel options, but rather as part of the command line for running the binary.
  (The program being run simply says hello and prints out its args.)
</p>

<p><code>bazel run</code> is similar, but not identical, to directly invoking
the binary built by Bazel and its behavior is different depending on whether the
binary to be invoked is a test or not.

When the binary is not a test, the current working directory will be the
runfiles tree of the binary.

When the binary is a test, the current working directory will be the exec root
and a good-faith attempt is made to replicate the environment tests are usually
run in. The emulation is not perfect, though, and tests that have multiple
shards cannot be run this way (the
<code>--test_sharding_strategy=disabled</code> command line option can be used
to work around this)

The following extra environment variables are also available to the binary:
<ul>
  <li>
    <code>BUILD_WORKSPACE_DIRECTORY</code>: the root of the workspace where the
    build was run.
  </li>
  <li>
    <code>BUILD_WORKING_DIRECTORY</code>: the current working directory where
    Bazel was run from.
  </li>
</ul>

These can be used, for example, to interpret file names on the command line in
a user-friendly way.

<h3>Options for <code>bazel run</code></h3>

<h4 id='flag--run_under_run'><code class='flag'>--run_under=<var>command-prefix</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This has the same effect as the <code class='flag'>--run_under</code> option for
  <code>bazel test</code> (<a href='#flag--run_under'>see above</a>),
  except that it applies to the command being run by <code>bazel
  run</code> rather than to the tests being run by <code>bazel test</code>
  and cannot run under label.
</p>

<h3>Executing tests</h3>

<p>
  <code>bazel run</code> can also execute test binaries, which has the effect of
  running the test in a close approximation of the environment described at
  <a href='test-encyclopedia.html'>Writing Tests</a>. Note that none of the
  <code>--test_*</code> arguments have an effect when running a test in this manner except
  <code>--test_arg</code> .
</p>

<h2 id='query'>Querying the dependency graph</h2>

<p>
  Bazel includes a query language for asking questions about the
  dependency graph used during the build. The query language is used
  by two commands: query and cquery. The major difference between the
  two commands is that query runs after the <a href='guide.html#loading-phase'>loading phase</a>
  and cquery runs after the <a href='guide.html#analysis-phase'>analysis phase</a>. These tools are an
  invaluable aid to many software engineering tasks.
</p>
<p>
  The query language is based on the idea of
  algebraic operations over graphs; it is documented in detail in

  <a href="query.html">Bazel Query Reference</a>.
  Please refer to that document for reference, for
  examples, and for query-specific command-line options.
</p>

<p>
  The query tool accepts several command-line
  option. <code class='flag'>--output</code> selects the output format.
  <code class='flag'>--[no]keep_going</code> (disabled by default) causes the query
  tool to continue to make progress upon errors; this behavior may be
  disabled if an incomplete result is not acceptable in case of errors.
</p>
<p>
  The <code class='flag'>--[no]tool_deps</code> option,
  enabled by default, causes dependencies in non-target configurations to be included in the
  dependency graph over which the query operates.

</p>
<p>
  The <code class='flag'>--[no]implicit_deps</code> option, enabled by default, causes
  implicit dependencies to be included in the dependency graph over which the query operates. An
  implicit dependency is one that is not explicitly specified in the BUILD file
  but added by bazel.
</p>
<p>
  Example: "Show the locations of the definitions (in BUILD files) of
  all genrules required to build all the tests in the PEBL tree."
</p>
<pre>
  bazel query --output location 'kind(genrule, deps(kind(".*_test rule", foo/bar/pebl/...)))'
</pre>

<h2 id='aquery'>Querying the action graph</h2>

<b>Caution</b>: The aquery command is still experimental and its API will change.

<p>
  The <code>aquery</code> command allows you to query for actions in your build graph.
  It operates on the post-analysis configured target graph and exposes
  information about actions, artifacts and their relationships.
</p>

<p>
  The tool accepts several command-line options.
  <code class='flag'>--output</code> selects the output format. The default output format
  (<code>text</code>) is human-readable, use <code>proto</code> or <code>textproto</code> for
  machine-readable format.
  Notably, the aquery command runs on top of a regular Bazel build and inherits
  the set of options available during a build.
</p>

<p>
  It supports the same set of functions that is also available to traditional
  <code>query</code> but <code>siblings</code>, <code>buildfiles</code> and
  <code>tests</code>.
</p>

<p>
  More details on aquery can be found <a href="aquery.html">here</a>.
</p>

<h2 id='misc'>Miscellaneous commands and options</h2>

<h3 id='help'><code>help</code></h3>

<p>
  The <code>help</code> command provides on-line help. By default, it
  shows a summary of available commands and help topics, as shown in
  the <a href='guide.html#overview'><i>Bazel overview</i></a> section above.
  Specifying an argument displays detailed help for a particular
  topic. Most topics are Bazel commands, e.g. <code>build</code>
  or <code>query</code>, but there are some additional help topics
  that do not correspond to commands.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--long'><code class='flag'>--[no]long</code> (<code>-l</code>)</h4>
<p>
  By default, <code>bazel help [<var>topic</var>]</code> prints only a
  summary of the relevant options for a topic. If
  the <code class='flag'>--long</code> option is specified, the type, default value
  and full description of each option is also printed.
</p>

<h3 id='shutdown'><code>shutdown</code></h3>

<p>
  Bazel server processes (see <a href='guide.html#client/server'>Client/server
  implementation</a>) may be stopped by using the <code>shutdown</code>
  command. This command causes the Bazel server to exit as soon as it
  becomes idle (i.e. after the completion of any builds or other
  commands that are currently in progress).

  Bazel servers stop themselves after an idle timeout, so this command
  is rarely necessary; however, it can be useful in scripts when it is
  known that no further builds will occur in a given workspace.
</p>
<p>
  <code>shutdown</code> accepts one
  option, <code class='flag'>--iff_heap_size_greater_than <i>n</i></code>, which
  requires an integer argument (in MB). If specified, this makes the shutdown
  conditional on the amount of memory already consumed. This is
  useful for scripts that initiate a lot of builds, as any memory
  leaks in the Bazel server could cause it to crash spuriously on
  occasion; performing a conditional restart preempts this condition.
</p>

<h3 id='info'><code>info</code></h3>

<p>
  The <code>info</code> command prints various values associated with
  the Bazel server instance, or with a specific build configuration.
  (These may be used by scripts that drive a build.)
</p>

<p>
  The <code>info</code> command also permits a single (optional)
  argument, which is the name of one of the keys in the list below.
  In this case, <code>bazel info <var>key</var></code> will print only
  the value for that one key. (This is especially convenient when
  scripting Bazel, as it avoids the need to pipe the result
  through <code>sed -ne /key:/s/key://p</code>:
</p>

<h4>Configuration-independent data</h4>
<ul>
  <li><code>release</code>: the release label for this Bazel
    instance, or "development version" if this is not a released
    binary.
  </li>
  <li><code>workspace</code> the absolute path to the base workspace
    directory.
  </li>
  <li><code>install_base</code>: the absolute path to the installation
    directory used by this Bazel instance for the current user. Bazel
    installs its internally required executables below this directory.

  </li>
  <li><code>output_base</code>: the absolute path to the base output
    directory used by this Bazel instance for the current user and
    workspace combination. Bazel puts all of its scratch and build
    output below this directory.
  </li>
  <li><code>execution_root</code>: the absolute path to the execution
    root directory under output_base. This directory is the root for all files
    accessible to commands executed during the build, and is the working
    directory for those commands. If the workspace directory is writable, a
    symlink named

    <code>bazel-&lt;workspace&gt;</code>
    is placed there pointing to this directory.
  </li>
  <li><code>output_path</code>: the absolute path to the output
    directory beneath the execution root used for all files actually
    generated as a result of build commands. If the workspace directory is
    writable, a symlink named <code>bazel-out</code> is placed there pointing
    to this directory.
  </li>
  <li><code>server_pid</code>: the process ID of the Bazel server
     process.
  </li>
  <li><code>server_log</code>: the absolute path to the Bazel server's debug log file.
    This file contains debugging information for all commands over the lifetime of the
    Bazel server, and is intended for human consumption by Bazel developers and power users.
  </li>
  <li><code>command_log</code>: the absolute path to the command log file;
    this contains the interleaved stdout and stderr streams of the most recent
    Bazel command. Note that running <code>bazel info</code> will overwrite the
    contents of this file, since it then becomes the most recent Bazel command.
    However, the location of the command log file will not change unless you
    change the setting of the <code class='flag'>--output_base</code> or
    <code class='flag'>--output_user_root</code> options.
  </li>

  <li><code>used-heap-size</code>,
      <code>committed-heap-size</code>,
      <code>max-heap-size</code>: reports various JVM heap size
    parameters. Respectively: memory currently used, memory currently
    guaranteed to be available to the JVM from the system, maximum
    possible allocation.
  </li>
  <li><code>gc-count</code>, <code>gc-time</code>: The cumulative count of
    garbage collections since the start of this Bazel server and the time spent
    to perform them. Note that these values are not reset at the start of every
    build.
  </li>
  <li><code>package_path</code>: A colon-separated list of paths which would be
    searched for packages by bazel. Has the same format as the
    <code class='flag'>--package_path</code> build command line argument.
  </li>
</ul>
<p>
  Example: the process ID of the Bazel server.
</p>
<pre>% bazel info server_pid
1285
</pre>

<h4>Configuration-specific data</h4>
<p>
  These data may be affected by the configuration options passed
  to <code>bazel info</code>, for
  example <code class='flag'>--cpu</code>, <code class='flag'>--compilation_mode</code>,
  etc. The <code>info</code> command accepts all
  the <a href='#analysis-options'>options that control dependency
  analysis</a>, since some of these determine the location of the
  output directory of a build, the choice of compiler, etc.
</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    <code>bazel-bin</code>, <code>bazel-testlogs</code>,
    <code>bazel-genfiles</code>: reports the absolute path to
    the <code>bazel-*</code> directories in which programs generated by the
    build are located. This is usually, though not always, the same as
    the <code>bazel-*</code> symlinks created in the base workspace directory after a
    successful build. However, if the workspace directory is read-only,
    no <code>bazel-*</code> symlinks can be created. Scripts that use
    the value reported by <code>bazel info</code>, instead of assuming the
    existence of the symlink, will be more robust.
  </li>
  <li>
    The complete
    <a href='be/make-variables.html'
    >"Make" environment</a>. If the <code class='flag'>--show_make_env</code> flag is
    specified, all variables in the current configuration's "Make" environment
    are also displayed (e.g. <code>CC</code>, <code>GLIBC_VERSION</code>, etc).
    These are the variables accessed using the <code>$(CC)</code>
    or <code>varref("CC")</code> syntax inside BUILD files.
  </li>
</ul>

<p>
  Example: the C++ compiler for the current configuration.
  This is the <code>$(CC)</code> variable in the "Make" environment,
  so the <code class='flag'>--show_make_env</code> flag is needed.
</p>

<pre>
  % bazel info --show_make_env -c opt COMPILATION_MODE
  opt
</pre>

<p>
  Example: the <code>bazel-bin</code> output directory for the current
  configuration. This is guaranteed to be correct even in cases where
  the <code>bazel-bin</code> symlink cannot be created for some reason
  (e.g. you are building from a read-only directory).
</p>

<pre>% bazel info --cpu=piii bazel-bin
/var/tmp/_bazel_johndoe/fbd0e8a34f61ce5d491e3da69d959fe6/execroot/io_bazel/bazel-out/piii-opt/bin
% bazel info --cpu=k8 bazel-bin
/var/tmp/_bazel_johndoe/fbd0e8a34f61ce5d491e3da69d959fe6/execroot/io_bazel/bazel-out/k8-opt/bin
</pre>
<h3 id='version'><code>version</code> and <code>--version</code></h3>

<p>
  The version command prints version details about the built Bazel
  binary, including the changelist at which it was built and the date.
  These are particularly useful in determining if you have the latest
  Bazel, or if you are reporting bugs. Some of the interesting values
  are:
</p>
<ul>
  <li><code>changelist</code>: the changelist at which this version of
    Bazel was released.
  </li>
  <li><code>label</code>: the release label for this Bazel
    instance, or "development version" if this is not a released
    binary. Very useful when reporting bugs.
  </li>
</ul>

<p>
  <code>bazel --version</code>, with no other args, will emit the same output as
  <code>bazel version --gnu_format</code>, except without the side-effect of potentially starting
  a Bazel server or unpacking the server archive. <code>bazel --version</code> can be run from
  anywhere - it does not require a workspace directory.
</p>

<h3 id='mobile-install'><code>mobile-install</code></h3>
<p>
  The <code>mobile-install</code> command installs apps to mobile devices.
  Currently only Android devices running ART are supported.

  See <a href="mobile-install.html">bazel mobile-install</a>
  for more information.
</p>
<p>
  Note that this command does not install the same thing that
  <code>bazel build</code> produces: Bazel tweaks the app so that it can be
  built, installed and re-installed quickly. This should, however, be mostly
  transparent to the app.
</p>
<p>
  The following options are supported:
</p>
<h4 id='flag--incremental'><code class='flag'>--incremental</code></h4>
<p>
  If set, Bazel tries to install the app incrementally, that is, only those
  parts that have changed since the last build. This cannot update resources
  referenced from <code>AndroidManifest.xml</code>, native code or Java
  resources (i.e. ones referenced by <code>Class.getResource()</code>). If these
  things change, this option must be omitted. Contrary to the spirit of Bazel
  and due to limitations of the Android platform, it is the
  <b>responsibility of the user</b> to know when this command is good enough and
  when a full install is needed.

  If you are using a device with Marshmallow or later, consider the
  <a href='#flag--split_apks'><code class='flag'>--split_apks</code></a> flag.
</p>
<h4 id='flag--split_apks'><code class='flag'>--split_apks</code></h4>
<p>
  Whether to use split apks to install and update the application on the device.
  Works only with devices with Marshmallow or later. Note that the
  <a href='#flag--incremental'><code class='flag'>--incremental</code></a> flag
  is not necessary when using <code class='flag'>--split_apks</code>.
</p>
<h4 id='flag--start_app'><code class='flag'>--start_app</code></h4>
<p>
  Starts the app in a clean state after installing. Equivalent to
  <code>--start=COLD</code>.
</p>
<h4 id='flag--debug_app'><code class='flag'>--debug_app</code></h4>
<p>
  Waits for debugger to be attached before starting the app in a clean state after installing.
  Equivalent to <code>--start=DEBUG</code>.
</p>
<h4 id='flag--start'><code class='flag'>--start=<i>start_type</i></code></h4>
<p>
  How the app should be started after installing it. Supported <i>start_type</i>s are:
</p>
<ul>
  <li><code>NO</code> Does not start the app. This is the default.</li>
  <li><code>COLD</code> Starts the app from a clean state after install.</li>
  <li><code>WARM</code> Preserves and restores the application state on incremental installs.</li>
  <li><code>DEBUG</code> Waits for the debugger before starting the app in a clean state after
    install.
  </li>
</ul>
<p>
  Note that if more than one of <code class='flag'>--start=<i>start_type</i></code>,
  <code class='flag'>--start_app</code> or
  <code class='flag'>--debug_app</code> is set, the last value is used.
</p>
<h4 id='flag--adb'><code class='flag'>--adb=<var>path</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Indicates the <code>adb</code> binary to be used.

  The default is to use the adb in the Android SDK specified by
  <a href='#flag--android_sdk'><code class='flag'>--android_sdk</code></a>.

</p>
<h4 id='flag--adb_arg'><code class='flag'>--adb_arg=<var>serial</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Extra arguments to <code>adb</code>. These come before the subcommand in the
  command line and are typically used to specify which device to install to.
  For example, to select the Android device or emulator to use:
</p>
<pre>% bazel mobile-install --adb_arg=-s --adb_arg=deadbeef
</pre>
<p>
  invokes <code>adb</code> as
</p>
<pre>
adb -s deadbeef install ...
</pre>
<h4 id='flag--incremental_install_verbosity'><code class='flag'>--incremental_install_verbosity=<var>number</var></code></h4>
<p>
  The verbosity for incremental install. Set to 1 for debug logging to be
  printed to the console.
</p>


<h3 id='dump'><code>dump</code></h3>

<p>
  The <code>dump</code> command prints to stdout a dump of the
  internal state of the Bazel server. This command is intended
  primarily for use by Bazel developers, so the output of this command
  is not specified, and is subject to change.
</p>

<p>
  By default, command will just print help message outlining possible
  options to dump specific areas of the Bazel state. In order to dump
  internal state, at least one of the options must be specified.
</p>
<p>
  Following options are supported:
</p>
<ul>
  <li><code class='flag'>--action_cache</code> dumps action cache content.</li>
  <li><code class='flag'>--packages</code> dumps package cache content.</li>
  <li><code class='flag'>--skyframe</code> dumps state of internal Bazel dependency graph.</li>
  <li><code class='flag'>--rules</code> dumps rule summary for each rule and aspect class,
    including counts and action counts. This includes both native and Starlark rules.
    If memory tracking is enabled, then the rules' memory consumption is also printed.</li>
  <li><code class='flag'>--skylark_memory</code> dumps a
    <a href=https://github.com/google/pprof>pprof</a> compatible .gz file to the specified path.
    You must enable memory tracking for this to work.
  </li>
  <li><code class='flag'>--action_graph=/path/to/file</code> dumps the state of
    the internal Bazel action graph in proto format to
    <code>/path/to/file</code>. You have to run (at least) the analysis phase
    for the targets you are interested in (for example, <code>bazel build --nobuild
    //foo:bar</code>). Note that this feature is still experimental, subject to
    change and will probably be integrated into <code>cquery</code> in the
    future.
  <li><code class='flag'>--action_graph:targets=target1,target2,...</code>
    filters the actions to the comma-separated list of targets when dumping the
    action graph.</li>
  <li><code class='flag'>--action_graph:include_cmdline</code> Include the command lines of actions
    in the action graph dump.</li>
</ul>

  <h4 id='memory-tracking'>Memory tracking</h4>
  <p>
    Some <code>dump</code> commands require memory tracking. To turn this on, you have to pass
    startup flags to Bazel:
  </p>
  <ul>
    <li><code>--host_jvm_args=-javaagent:$BAZEL/third_party/allocation_instrumenter/java-allocation-instrumenter-3.3.0.jar</code></li>
    <li><code>--host_jvm_args=-DRULE_MEMORY_TRACKER=1</code></li>
  </ul>
  <p>
    The java-agent is checked into Bazel at
    third_party/allocation_instrumenter/java-allocation-instrumenter-3.3.0.jar, so make
    sure you adjust <code>$BAZEL</code> for where you keep your Bazel repository.

    Do not forget to keep passing these options to Bazel for every command or the server will
    restart.
  </p>
  <p>Example:</p>
  <pre>
    % bazel --host_jvm_args=-javaagent:$BAZEL/third_party/allocation_instrumenter/java-allocation-instrumenter-3.3.0.jar \
    --host_jvm_args=-DRULE_MEMORY_TRACKER=1 \
    build --nobuild &lt;targets&gt;

    # Dump rules
    % bazel --host_jvm_args=-javaagent:$BAZEL/third_party/allocation_instrumenter/java-allocation-instrumenter-3.3.0.jar \
    --host_jvm_args=-DRULE_MEMORY_TRACKER=1 \
    dump --rules

    # Dump Starlark heap and analyze it with pprof
    % bazel --host_jvm_args=-javaagent:$BAZEL/third_party/allocation_instrumenter/java-allocation-instrumenter-3.3.0.jar \
    --host_jvm_args=-DRULE_MEMORY_TRACKER=1 \
    dump --skylark_memory=$HOME/prof.gz
    % pprof -flame $HOME/prof.gz
  </pre>
<h3 id='analyze-profile'><code>analyze-profile</code></h3>

<p>
  The <code>analyze-profile</code> command analyzes data previously gathered
  during the build using <code class='flag'>--profile</code> option. It provides several
  options to either perform analysis of the build execution or export data in
  the specified format.

</p>
<p>
  The following options are supported:
</p>
<ul>
  <li><code id='flag--dump'>--dump</code> displays all gathered data in a
  <a href='guide.html#dump-text-format'>human-readable format</a>. However,
  this it does not support other formats yet.</li>
</ul>

<p>
  See the section on <a href='guide.html#profiling'>Troubleshooting performance by profiling</a> for
  format details and usage help.

</p>

<h3 id='canonicalize'><code>canonicalize-flags</code></h3>

<p>
  The <a href="https://docs.bazel.build/command-line-reference.html#canonicalize-flags-options">
  <code>canonicalize-flags</code></a> command, which takes a list of options for
  a Bazel command and returns a list of options that has the same effect. The
  new list of options is canonical, i.e., two lists of options with the same
  effect are canonicalized to the same new list.
</p>
<p>
  The <code class='flag'>--for_command</code> option can be used to select between different
  commands. At this time, only <code>build</code> and <code>test</code> are
  supported. Options that the given command does not support cause an error.
</p>
<p>
  Note that a small number of options cannot be reordered, because Bazel cannot
  ensure that the effect is identical. Also note that this command
  <i>does not</i> expand flags from <code>--config</code>.
</p>
<p>
  As an example:
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel canonicalize-flags -- --config=any_name --test_tag_filters="-lint"
  --config=any_name
  --test_tag_filters=-lint
</pre>

<h3 id='startup_options'>Startup options</h3>

<p>
  The options described in this section affect the startup of the Java
  virtual machine used by Bazel server process, and they apply to all
  subsequent commands handled by that server. If there is an already
  running Bazel server and the startup options do not match, it will
  be restarted.
</p>
<p>
  All of the options described in this section must be specified using the
  <code class='flag'>--key=value</code> or <code class='flag'>--key value</code>
  syntax. Also, these options must appear <i>before</i> the name of the Bazel
  command. Use <code>startup --key=value</code> to list these in a <code>.bazelrc</code> file.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--output_base'><code class='flag'>--output_base=<var>dir</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option requires a path argument, which must specify a
  writable directory. Bazel will use this location to write all its
  output. The output base is also the key by which the client locates
  the Bazel server. By changing the output base, you change the server
  which will handle the command.
</p>
<p>
  By default, the output base is derived from the user's login name,
  and the name of the workspace directory (actually, its MD5 digest),
  so a typical value looks like:

  <code>/var/tmp/google/_bazel_johndoe/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e</code>.
  Note that the client uses the output base to find the Bazel server
  instance, so if you specify a different output base in a Bazel
  command, a different server will be found (or started) to handle the
  request. It's possible to perform two concurrent builds in the same
  workspace directory by varying the output base.
</p>

<p>For example:</p>
<pre><code>
  OUTPUT_BASE=/var/tmp/google/_bazel_johndoe/custom_output_base
  % bazel --output_base $OUTPUT_BASE build //foo  &amp;  bazel --output_base $OUTPUT_BASE build //bar
</code></pre>
<p>
  In this command, the two Bazel commands run concurrently (because of
  the shell <code>&amp;</code> operator), each using a different Bazel
  server instance (because of the different output bases).
  In contrast, if the default output base was used in both commands,
  then both requests would be sent to the same server, which would
  handle them sequentially: building <code>//foo</code> first, followed
  by an incremental build of <code>//bar</code>.
</p>
<p>
  <b>Tip:</b>We recommend you do not use an NFS or similar networked file system for the root
  directory, as the higher access latency will cause noticeably slower builds.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--output_user_root'><code class='flag'>--output_user_root=<var>dir</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Points to the root directory where output and install bases are created. The directory
  must either not exist or be owned by the calling user. In the past,
  this was allowed to point to a directory shared among various users
  but it's not allowed any longer. This may be allowed once
  <a href='https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/issues/11100'>issue #11100</a> is addressed.
</p>
<p>
  If the <code class='flag'>--output_base</code> option is specified, it overrides
  using <code class='flag'>--output_user_root</code> to calculate the output base.
</p>
<p>
  The install base location is calculated based on
  <code class='flag'>--output_user_root</code>, plus the MD5 identity of the Bazel embedded
  binaries.
</p>
<p>
  You can use the <code class='flag'>--output_user_root</code> option to choose an
  alternate base location for all of Bazel's output (install base and output
  base) if there is a better location in your filesystem layout.</p>
<p>
  <b>Tip:</b>We recommend you do not use an NFS or similar networked file system for the root
  directory, as the higher access latency will cause noticeably slower builds.
</p>

<a name="startup_flag--host_javabase"></a>
<h4 id='startup_flag--server_javabase'><code class='flag'>--server_javabase=<var>dir</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Specifies the Java virtual machine in which <i>Bazel itself</i> runs. The value must be a path to
  the directory containing a JDK or JRE. It should not be a label.
  This option should appear before any Bazel command, for example:
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel --server_javabase=/usr/local/buildtools/java/jdk11 build //foo
</pre>
<p>
  This flag does <i>not</i> affect the JVMs used by Bazel subprocesses such as applications, tests,
  tools, and so on. Use build options <a href='#flag--javabase'>--javabase</a> or
  <a href='#flag--host_javabase'>--host_javabase</a> instead.
</p>
<p>
  This flag was previously named <code>--host_javabase</code> (sometimes referred to as the
  'left-hand side' <code>--host_javabase</code>), but was renamed to avoid confusion with the
  build flag <a href='#flag--host_javabase'>--host_javabase</a> (sometimes referred to as the
  'right-hand side' <code>--host_javabase</code>).
</p>

<h4 id='flag--host_jvm_args'><code class='flag'>--host_jvm_args=<var>string</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Specifies a startup option to be passed to the Java virtual machine in which <i>Bazel itself</i>
  runs. This can be used to set the stack size, for example:
</p>
<pre>
  % bazel --host_jvm_args="-Xss256K" build //foo
</pre>
<p>
  This option can be used multiple times with individual arguments. Note that
  setting this flag should rarely be needed. You can also pass a space-separated list of strings,
  each of which will be interpreted as a separate JVM argument, but this feature will soon be
  deprecated.

</p>
<p>
  That this does <i>not</i> affect any JVMs used by
  subprocesses of Bazel: applications, tests, tools, and so on. To pass
  JVM options to executable Java programs, whether run by <code>bazel
  run</code> or on the command-line, you should use
  the <code>--jvm_flags</code> argument which
  all <code>java_binary</code> and <code>java_test</code> programs
  support. Alternatively for tests, use <code>bazel
  test --test_arg=--jvm_flags=foo ...</code>.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--host_jvm_debug'><code class='flag'>--host_jvm_debug</code></h4>
<p>
  This option causes the Java virtual machine to wait for a connection
  from a JDWP-compliant debugger before
  calling the main method of <i>Bazel itself</i>. This is primarily
  intended for use by Bazel developers.
</p>
<p>
  (Please note that this does <i>not</i> affect any JVMs used by
  subprocesses of Bazel: applications, tests, tools, etc.)
</p>

<h4 id='flag--autodetect_server_javabase'><code class='flag'>--autodetect_server_javabase</code></h4>
<p>
  This option causes Bazel to automatically search for an installed JDK on startup,
  and to fall back to the installed JRE if the embedded JRE isn't available.
  <code>--explicit_server_javabase</code> can be used to pick an explicit JRE to
  run bazel with.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--batch'><code class='flag'>--batch</code></h4>

<p>
  Batch mode causes Bazel to not use the standard client/server mode described
  <a href='guide.html#client/server'>above</a>, instead running a bazel java process for a
  single command, which has been used for more predictable semantics with respect
  to signal handling, job control, and environment variable inheritance, and is
  necessary for running bazel in a chroot jail.
</p>

<p>
  Batch mode retains proper queueing semantics within the same output_base.
  That is, simultaneous invocations will be processed in order, without overlap.
  If a batch mode Bazel is run on a client with a running server, it first
  kills the server before processing the command.
</p>

<p>
  Bazel will run slower in batch mode, or with the alternatives described above.
  This is because, among other things, the build file cache is memory-resident, so it is not
  preserved between sequential batch invocations.
  Therefore, using batch mode often makes more sense in cases where performance
  is less critical, such as continuous builds.
</p>

<p>
  <i>WARNING:</i> <code class='flag'>--batch</code> is sufficiently slower than standard
  client/server mode. Additionally it might not support all of the features and optimizations which
  are made possible by a persistent Bazel server. If you're using <code class='flag'>--batch</code>
  for the purpose of build isolation, you should use the command option
  <code class='flag'>--nokeep_state_after_build</code>, which guarantees that no incremental
  in-memory state is kept between builds. In order to restart the Bazel server and JVM after a
  build, please explicitly do so using the "shutdown" command.
</p>


<h4 id='flag--max_idle_secs'><code class='flag'>--max_idle_secs=<var>n</var></code></h4>
<p>
  This option specifies how long, in seconds, the Bazel server process
  should wait after the last client request, before it exits. The
  default value is 10800 (3 hours). <code class='flag'>--max_idle_secs=0</code> will cause the
  Bazel server process to persist indefinitely. <i>NOTE:</i> this flag is only read if Bazel needs
  to start a new server. Changing this option will not cause the server to restart.
</p>
<p>
  This option may be used by scripts that invoke Bazel to ensure that
  they do not leave Bazel server processes on a user's machine when they
  would not be running otherwise.
  For example, a presubmit script might wish to
  invoke <code>bazel query</code> to ensure that a user's pending
  change does not introduce unwanted dependencies. However, if the
  user has not done a recent build in that workspace, it would be
  undesirable for the presubmit script to start a Bazel server just
  for it to remain idle for the rest of the day.
  By specifying a small value of <code class='flag'>--max_idle_secs</code> in the
  query request, the script can ensure that <i>if</i> it caused a new
  server to start, that server will exit promptly, but if instead
  there was already a server running, that server will continue to run
  until it has been idle for the usual time. Of course, the existing
  server's idle timer will be reset.
</p>
<h4 id='flag--shutdown_on_low_sys_mem'><code class='flag'>--[no]shutdown_on_low_sys_mem</code></h4>
<p>
  If enabled and <code class='flag'>--max_idle_secs</code> is set to a positive duration,
  after the build server has been idle for a while, shut down the server when the system is
  low on memory. Linux only.
</p>
<p>
  In addition to running an idle check corresponding to max_idle_secs, the build server will
  starts monitoring available system memory after the server has been idle for some time.
  If the available system memory becomes critically low, the server will exit.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--block_for_lock'><code class='flag'>--[no]block_for_lock</code></h4>
<p>
  If enabled, Bazel will wait for other Bazel commands holding the
  server lock to complete before progressing. If disabled, Bazel will
  exit in error if it cannot immediately acquire the lock and
  proceed.

  Developers might use this in presubmit checks to avoid long waits caused
  by another Bazel command in the same client.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--io_nice_level'><code class='flag'>--io_nice_level=<var>n</var></code></h4>
<p>
  Sets a level from 0-7 for best-effort IO scheduling. 0 is highest priority,
  7 is lowest. The anticipatory scheduler may only honor up to priority 4.
  Negative values are ignored.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--batch_cpu_scheduling'><code class='flag'>--batch_cpu_scheduling</code></h4>
<p>
  Use <code>batch</code> CPU scheduling for Bazel. This policy is useful for
  workloads that are non-interactive, but do not want to lower their nice value.
  See 'man 2 sched_setscheduler'. This policy may provide for better system
  interactivity at the expense of Bazel throughput.
</p>

<h3 id='misc_options'>Miscellaneous options</h3>

<h4 id='flag--announce_rc'><code class='flag'>--[no]announce_rc</code></h4>
<p>
  Controls whether Bazel announces command options read from the bazelrc file when
  starting up. (Startup options are unconditionally announced.)
</p>

<h4 id='flag--color'><code class='flag'>--color (yes|no|auto)</code></h4>
<p>
  This option determines whether Bazel will use colors to highlight
  its output on the screen.
</p>
<p>
  If this option is set to <code>yes</code>, color output is enabled.
  If this option is set to <code>auto</code>, Bazel will use color output only if
  the output is being sent to a terminal and the TERM environment variable
  is set to a value other than <code>dumb</code>, <code>emacs</code>, or <code>xterm-mono</code>.
  If this option is set to <code>no</code>, color output is disabled,
  regardless of whether the output is going to a terminal and regardless
  of the setting of the TERM environment variable.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--config'><code class='flag'>--config=<var>name</var></code></h4>
<p>
 Selects additional config section from
 <a href="guide#where-are-the-bazelrc-files">the rc files</a>; for the current <code>command</code>,
 it also pulls in the options from <code>command:name</code> if such a section exists. Can be
 specified multiple times to add flags from several config sections. Expansions can refer to other
 definitions (i.e. expansions can be chained).
</p>

<h4 id='flag--curses'><code class='flag'>--curses (yes|no|auto)</code></h4>
<p>
  This option determines whether Bazel will use cursor controls
  in its screen output. This results in less scrolling data, and a more
  compact, easy-to-read stream of output from Bazel. This works well with
  <code class='flag'>--color</code>.
</p>
<p>
  If this option is set to <code>yes</code>, use of cursor controls is enabled.
  If this option is set to <code>no</code>, use of cursor controls is disabled.
  If this option is set to <code>auto</code>, use of cursor controls will be
  enabled under the same conditions as for <code class='flag'>--color=auto</code>.
</p>

<h4 id='flag--show_timestamps'><code class='flag'>--[no]show_timestamps</code></h4>
<p>
  If specified, a timestamp is added to each message generated by
  Bazel specifying the time at which the message was displayed.
</p>